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@ARTICLE{Kulkarni:10006,
      author       = {Kulkarni, G. and Pekour, M. and Afchine, A. and Murphy,
                      D.M. and Cziczo, J.},
      title        = {{C}omparison of experimental and numerical studies of the
                      performance characteristics of a pumped counterflow virtual
                      impactor},
      journal      = {Aerosol science and technology},
      volume       = {45},
      issn         = {0278-6826},
      address      = {Philadelphia, Pa},
      publisher    = {Taylor $\&$ Francis},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-10006},
      pages        = {382 - 392},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {Funding of this work was provided by the Pacific Northwest
                      National Laboratory Aerosol and Climate Initiative and NOAA
                      base funding. We wish to thank Karl Froyd for useful
                      discussions.},
      abstract     = {Experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD)
                      simulations were performed to evaluate the performance
                      characteristics of a Pumped Counterflow Virtual Impactor
                      (PCVI). The diameter at which $50\%$ of the particles were
                      transmitted was determined for various flow configurations.
                      Experimentally determined $50\%$ cut sizes varied from 2.2
                      to 4.8 micrometers and CFD predicted diameters agreed within
                      +/- 0.4 micrometers. Both experimental and CFD results
                      showed similar transmission efficiency (TE) curves. CFD TE
                      was always greater than experimental results, most likely
                      due to impaction losses in fittings not included in the
                      simulations. Ideal transmission, corresponding to $100\%$
                      TE, was never realized in either case due to impaction
                      losses and small-scale flow features such as eddies. Areas
                      where CFD simulations showed such flow recirculation zones
                      were also found to be the locations where particulate
                      residue was deposited during experiments. CFD parametric
                      tests showed that PCVI performance can be affected by the
                      nozzle geometry and misalignment between the nozzle and
                      collector orifice. We conclude that CFD can be used with
                      confidence for counter-flow virtual impactor (CVI) design.
                      Modifications to improve the performance characteristics of
                      the PCVI are suggested.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Engineering, Chemical / Environmental Sciences /
                      Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000286655700009},
      doi          = {10.1080/02786826.2010.539291},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/10006},
}