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@ARTICLE{Frambach:1005318,
      author       = {Frambach, Tobias and Liedtke, Ralf and Figgemeier, Egbert},
      title        = {{B}attery sizing of 48 {V} plug-in hybrids considering
                      calendar and cycle degradation},
      journal      = {Journal of energy storage},
      volume       = {60},
      issn         = {2352-152X},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-01427},
      pages        = {106681 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) with battery packs
                      tailored to the driving use case can help to reduce the
                      environmental footprint of the transportation sector.
                      Compared to common high-voltage systems, PHEVs based on a
                      low-voltage level show a higher fuel consumption, but in
                      return benefit from lower component costs and allow the
                      utilization of cheaper high-energy cells. In this paper, the
                      battery size of a 48 V PHEV concept is optimized to minimize
                      the operational costs while taking battery degradation into
                      account and ensure a lifetime-robust system layout. To
                      investigate the applicability of high-energy batteries, 31
                      automotive-grade cells were investigated experimentally in a
                      calendar and cycle aging study. The results show that
                      calendar aging has a significant contribution of 17.5 $\%$
                      to the overall capacity loss and should be considered during
                      the battery design process. The cycle degradation model is
                      integrated in a Dynamic Programming simulation environment
                      with various real-driving speed and slope profiles, which
                      are extracted from a measured year-round driving profile.
                      The simulation results show, that considering the
                      degradation in the energy management strategy reduces the
                      capacity loss but results in higher operational costs
                      throughout the vehicle lifetime. The extension of a mild
                      hybrid vehicle to a PHEV can reduce the operational costs by
                      18.5 $\%.$ If the vehicle is not charged, the costs increase
                      by 6 $\%$ highlighting the need for frequent charging of
                      PHEVs.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1221 - Fundamentals and Materials (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1221},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000925365900001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.est.2023.106681},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1005318},
}