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@ARTICLE{Kpper:1005495,
      author       = {Küpper, Mira and Seyfried, Armin},
      title        = {{I}dentification of social groups and waiting pedestrians
                      at railway platforms using trajectory data},
      journal      = {PLOS ONE},
      volume       = {18},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1932-6203},
      address      = {San Francisco, California, US},
      publisher    = {PLOS},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-01501},
      pages        = {e0282526 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {To investigate the impact of social groups on waiting
                      behaviour of passengers at railway platforms a method to
                      identify social groups through the monitoring of distances
                      between pedestrians and the stability of those distances
                      over time is introduced. The method allows the recognition
                      of groups using trajectories only and thus opens up the
                      possibility of studying crowds in public places without
                      constrains caused by privacy protection issues. Trajectories
                      from a railway platform in Switzerland were used to analyse
                      the waiting behaviour of passengers in dependence of waiting
                      time as well as the size of social groups. The analysis of
                      the trajectories shows that the portion of passengers
                      travelling in groups reaches up to $10\%$ during the week
                      and increases to $20\%$ on the weekends. $60\%$ of the
                      groups were pairs, larger groups were less frequent. With
                      increasing group size, the mean speed of the members
                      decreases. Individuals and pairs often choose waiting spots
                      at the sides of the stairs and in vicinity of obstacles,
                      while larger groups wait close to the platform entries. The
                      results indicate that passengers choose waiting places
                      according to the following criteria and ranking: shortest
                      ways, direction of the next intended action, undisturbed
                      places and ensured communication. While individual
                      passengers often wait in places where they are undisturbed
                      and do not hinder others, the dominating comfort criterion
                      for groups is to ensure communication. The results regarding
                      space requirements of waiting passengers could be used for
                      different applications. E.g. to enhance the level of service
                      concept assessing the comfort of different types of users,
                      to avoid temporary bottlenecks to improve the boarding and
                      alighting process or to increase the robustness of the
                      performance of railway platforms during peak loads by
                      optimising the pedestrian distribution.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / Verbundprojekt:
                      Crowd-Management in Verkehrsinfrastrukturen (CroMa) -
                      Teilvorhaben: Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Fußverkehr
                      und Crowd-Management (13N14533)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(BMBF)13N14533},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {36920891},
      UT           = {WOS:000954452200058},
      doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0282526},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1005495},
}