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@ARTICLE{Beler:1006438,
      author       = {Beßler, Yannick and Natour, Ghaleb},
      title        = {{C}ryogenic hydrogen {M}oderator infrastructure at {ESS}},
      journal      = {Journal of neutron research},
      volume       = {24},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1023-8166},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {IOS Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-01672},
      pages        = {239 - 246},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {The European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden, is
                      designed to become the most powerful spallation neutron
                      source in theworld. As one subsystem of the Target Station,
                      which was developed and built at Central Institute of
                      Engineering, Electronics and Analytics –Engineering and
                      Technology (ZEA-1) of Forschungszentrum Juelich, the cold
                      Moderator slows down high-energy neutrons from the
                      spallationprocess. To gain maximum neutron flux intensities
                      along with high system availability for condensed and soft
                      matter research, an optimizedliquid hydrogen Moderator
                      circuit has been developed. Hydrogen with a pressure around
                      1 MPa, a temperature around 20 K, and a para-hydrogen
                      fraction of at least 0.995 will be utilized to interact with
                      neutrons in a unique cold Moderator vessel arrangement.
                      Hydrogen conversionfrom ortho- to para-hydrogen will be
                      controlled using a catalyst. Two turbo pumps are arranged in
                      series and circulate the cryogen. A heliumrefrigerator, the
                      Target Moderator Cryoplant (TMCP), continuously recools the
                      hydrogen mass flow. Pressure stabilization is achieved by
                      apressure control buffer. The individual ESS Cryogenic
                      Moderator System (CMS) components, the first and second
                      generation of hydrogenModerators (BF1 and BF2) and a first
                      draft of a deuterium Moderator upgrade are presented},
      cin          = {ZEA-1},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-1-20090406},
      pnm          = {6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron Research (JCNS) (FZJ)
                      (POF4-6G4)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G4},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000910540500014},
      doi          = {10.3233/JNR-220033},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1006438},
}