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@ARTICLE{Li:1006493,
      author       = {Li, Fang and Kurtz, Wolfgang and Hung, Ching Pui and
                      Vereecken, Harry and Hendricks-Franssen, Harrie-Jan},
      title        = {{W}ater table depth assimilation in integrated terrestrial
                      system models at the larger catchment scale},
      journal      = {Frontiers in water},
      volume       = {5},
      issn         = {2624-9375},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Media},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-01705},
      pages        = {1150999},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {As an important source of water for human beings,
                      groundwater plays a significant role in human production and
                      life. However, different sources of uncertainty may lead to
                      unsatisfactory simulations of groundwater hydrodynamics with
                      hydrological models. The goal of this study is to
                      investigate the impact of assimilating groundwater data into
                      the Terrestrial System Modeling Platform (TSMP) for
                      improving hydrological modeling in a real-world case. Daily
                      groundwater table depth (WTD) measurements from the year
                      2018 for the Rur catchment in Germany were assimilated by
                      the Localized Ensemble Kalman Filter (LEnKF) into TSMP. The
                      LEnKF is used with a localization radius so that the
                      assimilated measurements only update model states in a
                      limited radius around the measurements, in order to avoid
                      unphysical updates related to spurious correlations. Due to
                      the mismatch between groundwater measurements and the coarse
                      model resolution (500 m), the measurements need careful
                      screening before data assimilation (DA). Based on the
                      spatial autocorrelation of the WTD deduced from the
                      measurements, three different filter localization radii
                      (2.5, 5, and 10 km) were evaluated for assimilation. The
                      bias in the simulated water table and the root mean square
                      error (RMSE) are reduced after DA, compared with runs
                      without DA [i.e., open loop (OL) runs]. The best results at
                      the assimilated locations are obtained for a localization
                      radius of 10 km, with an $81\%$ reduction of RMSE at the
                      measurement locations, and slightly smaller RMSE reductions
                      for the 5 and 2.5 km radius. The validation with independent
                      WTD data showed the best results for a localization radius
                      of 10 km, but groundwater table characterization could only
                      be improved for sites <2.5 km from measurement locations. In
                      case of a localization radius of 10 km the RMSE-reduction
                      was $30\%$ for those nearby sites. Simulated soil moisture
                      was validated against soil moisture measured by cosmic-ray
                      neutron sensors (CRNS), but no RMSE reduction was observed
                      for DA-runs compared to OL-run. However, in both cases, the
                      correlation between measured and simulated soil moisture
                      content was high (between 0.70 and 0.89, except for the
                      Wuestebach site).},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000963295200001},
      doi          = {10.3389/frwa.2023.1150999},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1006493},
}