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@ARTICLE{Werner:1006813,
      author       = {Werner, Katharina A. and Feyen, Lara and Hübner, Tobias
                      and Brüggemann, Nicolas and Prost, Katharina and Grohmann,
                      Elisabeth},
      title        = {{F}ate of {H}orizontal-{G}ene-{T}ransfer {M}arkers and
                      {B}eta-{L}actamase {G}enes during {T}hermophilic
                      {C}omposting of {H}uman {E}xcreta},
      journal      = {Microorganisms},
      volume       = {11},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {2076-2607},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-01866},
      pages        = {308 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Thermophilic composting is a suitable treatment for the
                      recycling of organic wastes for agriculture. However, using
                      human excreta as feedstock for composting raises concerns
                      about antibiotic resistances. We analyzed samples from the
                      start and end of a thermophilic composting trial of human
                      excreta, together with green cuttings and straw, with and
                      without biochar. Beta-lactamase genes blaCTX-M, blaIMP, and
                      blaTEM conferring resistance to broad-spectrum beta-lactam
                      antibiotics, as well as horizontal gene transfer marker
                      genes, intI1 and korB, were quantified using qPCR. We found
                      low concentrations of the beta-lactamase genes in all
                      samples, with non-significant mean decreases in blaCTX-M and
                      blaTEM copy numbers and a mean increase in blaIMP copy
                      numbers. The decrease in both intI1 and korB genes from
                      start to end of composting indicated that thermophilic
                      composting can decrease the horizontal spread of resistance
                      genes. Thus, thermophilic composting can be a suitable
                      treatment for the recycling of human excreta.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {36838273},
      UT           = {WOS:000941487800001},
      doi          = {10.3390/microorganisms11020308},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1006813},
}