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@ARTICLE{Werner:1006814,
      author       = {Werner, Katharina A. and Castro-Herrera, Daniela and Yimer,
                      Fantaw and Tadesse, Menfese and Kim, Dong-Gill and Prost,
                      Katharina and Brüggemann, Nicolas and Grohmann, Elisabeth},
      title        = {{M}icrobial {R}isk {A}ssessment of {M}ature {C}ompost from
                      {H}uman {E}xcreta, {C}attle {M}anure, {O}rganic {W}aste, and
                      {B}iochar},
      journal      = {Sustainability},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {2071-1050},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-01867},
      pages        = {4624 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Lack of sanitation is the underlying cause of many
                      diarrheal infections and associated deaths. Improving
                      sanitation through the set-up of ecological sanitation dry
                      toilets, followed by the thermophilic composting of human
                      excreta, could offer a solution. In addition, treating the
                      excreta via thermophilic composting allows us to recycle the
                      nutrients to be used as fertilizer for agriculture. However,
                      for this purpose, the compost should be free of pathogens.
                      We conducted a thermophilic composting trial over 204 to 256
                      days with human excreta, along with vegetable scraps and
                      teff straw, with and without biochar. A sawdust–cattle
                      manure mixture with the same supplements served as a control
                      treatment. To evaluate the hygienic quality of the mature
                      compost, the bacterial indicators Escherichia coli and
                      Salmonella were assessed using the cultivation-based most
                      probable number method. In addition, Ascaris lumbricoides
                      eggs were quantified through light microscopy. The amount of
                      detected E. coli was below the thresholds of German and
                      European regulations for organic fertilizer. Salmonella and
                      Ascaris eggs were not detected. No significant differences
                      between the treatments were observed. Thus, the composting
                      process was efficient in decreasing the number of potential
                      human pathogens. The mature compost fulfilled the legal
                      regulations on organic fertilizer regarding potential human
                      pathogens.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000947688300001},
      doi          = {10.3390/su15054624},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1006814},
}