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@ARTICLE{Ganesh:1007057,
      author       = {Ganesh, Vishnu and Dorow-Gerspach, Daniel and Matejicek, J.
                      and Vilemova, M. and Bram, Martin and Linsmeier, Christian},
      title        = {{H}igh heat flux testing of graded {W}-steel joining
                      concepts for the first wall},
      journal      = {Energies},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {1996-1073},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-01955},
      pages        = {3664},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {The realization of the first wall (FW), which is composed
                      of a protective tungsten (W) armor covering the structural
                      steel material, is a critical challenge in the development
                      of future fusion reactors. Due to the different coefficients
                      of thermal expansion (CTE) of W and steel, the direct
                      joining of them results in cyclic thermal stress at their
                      bonding seam during the operation of the fusion reactor. To
                      address this issue, this study benchmarks two joining
                      concepts. The first concept uses an atmospheric plasma
                      sprayed graded interlayer composed of W/steel composites
                      with a varying content of W and steel to gradually change
                      the CTE. The second concept uses a spark plasma sintered
                      graded interlayer. Furthermore, in order to benchmark these
                      concepts, a directly bonded W-steel reference joint as well
                      as a W-steel joint featuring a vanadium interlayer were also
                      tested. These joints were tested under steady-state high
                      heat flux cyclic loading, starting from a heat flux of 1
                      MW/m2 up to 4.5 MW/m2, with stepwise increments of 0.5
                      MW/m2. At each heat flux level, 200 thermal cycles were
                      performed. The joints featuring a sintered graded interlayer
                      survived only until 1.5 MW/m2 of loading, while the joint
                      featuring plasma sprayed graded interlayer and V interlayer
                      survived until 3 MW/m2.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Plasma-Wand-Wechselwirkung (POF4-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000986920400001},
      doi          = {10.3390/en16093664},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1007057},
}