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@ARTICLE{Kuckshinrichs:1007313,
      author       = {Kuckshinrichs, Wilhelm and Ball, Christopher and Aniello,
                      Gianmarco},
      title        = {{L}evelized profits for residential {PV}-battery systems
                      and the role of regulatory and fiscal aspects in {G}ermany},
      journal      = {Energy, Sustainability and Society},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2192-0567},
      address      = {Heidelberg},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02003},
      pages        = {10},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), expressing the
                      price per unit that a technology must receive over its
                      lifetime to break even, is a useful indicator, but
                      insufficient for a comprehensive investment appraisal of
                      PV-battery (PV-BES) projects. For household PV-BES systems,
                      aimed at prosumers in the German context, our paper seeks to
                      look at the revenue side in addition to the costs side of
                      the investment decision. We extend the LROE (levelized
                      revenue of electricity) to consider the impact of different
                      fiscal options available to households seeking to install
                      PV-BES systems. From this, we calculate the levelized profit
                      of electricity (LPOE), linking the cost-focused and
                      revenue-focused perspectives of prosumers facing investment
                      options. We calculate the LPOE for six different fiscal
                      options available to prosumers, four household types with
                      different socio-economic characteristics and for different
                      sizes of PV-BES systems.In terms of preliminary results, we
                      identify the most advantageous fiscal option and the drivers
                      of LPOE in relation to PV-BES systems in Germany. We find
                      that the switching from the standard to small business tax
                      setup is the optimal fiscal option for all households and
                      all technology combinations, but the optimal income tax
                      decision depends on the present value of revenues compared
                      to tax deductibles. The LPOE is particularly sensitive to
                      changes in CAPEX and retail electricity prices, with the FiT
                      rate, VAT rate and Income Tax rate being somewhat
                      influential. From an LPOE perspective, self-consumption is
                      incentivized through lower FiT rates and higher electricity
                      prices, whereas the abolition of the EEG contribution and
                      low FiT rate adversely affect the LPOE of different options.
                      Stand-alone PV remains the most attractive option, with
                      bundles with storage showing weaker profitability
                      performance.LPOE complements the LCOE and LROE indicators
                      and offers a comprehensive investment analysis, integrating
                      fiscal considerations. Moreover, it offers greater guidance
                      as to the relative attractiveness of different technology
                      configurations and technology sizing. Mechanisms could be
                      implemented to enhance the profitability of residential
                      PV-BES systems in line with energy policy objectives.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE / UE},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)UE-20120423},
      pnm          = {1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000984695000001},
      doi          = {10.1186/s13705-023-00390-8},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1007313},
}