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@ARTICLE{Doll:1007333,
      author       = {Doll, Bernd and Wittmann, Ernst and Lüer, Larry and Hepp,
                      Johannes and Buerhop-Lutz, Claudia and Hauch, Jens and
                      Brabec, Christoph and Peters, Ian Marius},
      title        = {{A}erial photoluminescence imaging of photovoltaic modules},
      journal      = {Physica status solidi / Rapid research letters},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {1862-6254},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02019},
      pages        = {202300059},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {On-site imaging of modules in photovoltaic systems requires
                      contact-free techniques with high-throughput and low-cost
                      for commercial relevance. Photoluminescence imaging
                      satisfies these requirements, but it has so far not been
                      used for aerial imaging. Such a system faces unique
                      engineering and operating challenges, including the need to
                      mount a light source on the drone and identifying module
                      defects from images taken under low- and non-uniform
                      irradiance. In this study, we present our in-house developed
                      PLAI (photoluminescence aerial imaging) setup and we
                      demonstrate that it can be used to identify defects even
                      with a difference of excitation intensity of up to $50\%.$
                      The setup consists of a hexa-copter aerial drone equipped
                      with an illumination unit and a near-infrared camera. The
                      unit is capable of partially illuminating full size modules
                      at night and capturing the photoluminescence response. In
                      the maiden flight, we achieved a throughput of 13.6 PV
                      modules per minute, and we estimate that a throughput of 300
                      PV modules per minute is feasible. We show that the setup
                      can be used to detect and identify cracks and
                      potential-induced-degradation with high levels of
                      confidence. We verify these findings by cross correlation
                      and comparing captured photoluminescence images to
                      electroluminescence images taken indoors.},
      cin          = {IEK-11},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-11-20140314},
      pnm          = {1214 - Modules, stability, performance and specific
                      applications (POF4-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1214},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000984543600001},
      doi          = {10.1002/pssr.202300059},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1007333},
}