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@ARTICLE{Koltermann:1007388,
      author       = {Koltermann, Lucas and Drenker, Karl Konstantin and Celi
                      Cortés, Mauricio Eduardo and Jacqué, Kevin and Figgener,
                      Jan and Zurmühlen, Sebastian and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{P}otential analysis of current battery storage systems for
                      providing fast grid services like synthetic inertia –
                      {C}ase study on a 6 {MW} system},
      journal      = {Journal of energy storage},
      volume       = {57},
      issn         = {2352-152X},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02053},
      pages        = {106190},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) already
                      play a major role in ancillary service markets worldwide.
                      Batteries are especially suitable for fast response times
                      and thus focus on applications with relatively short
                      reaction times. While existing markets mostly require
                      reaction times of a couple of seconds, this will most likely
                      change in the future. During the energy transition, many
                      conventional power plants will fade out of the energy
                      system. Thereby, the amount of rotating masses connected to
                      the power grid will decrease, which means removing a
                      component with quasi-instantaneous power supply to balance
                      out frequency deviations the millisecond they occur. In
                      general, batteries are capable of providing power just as
                      fast but the real-world overall system response time of
                      current BESS for future grid services has only little been
                      studied so far. Thus, the response time of individual
                      components such as the inverter and the interaction of the
                      inverter and control components in the context of a BESS are
                      not yet known. We address this issue by measurements of a 6
                      MW BESS's inverters for mode changes, inverter power
                      gradients and measurements of the runtime of signals of the
                      control system. The measurements have shown that in the
                      analyzed BESS response times of 175 ms to 325 ms without the
                      measurement feedback loop and 450 ms to 715 ms for the round
                      trip with feedback measurements are possible with hardware
                      that is about five years old. The results prove that even
                      this older components can exceed the requirements from
                      current standards. For even faster future grid services like
                      synthetic inertia, hardware upgrades at the measurement
                      device and the inverters may be necessary.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000898536300002},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.est.2022.106190},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1007388},
}