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@ARTICLE{Ukwu:1008211,
      author       = {Ukwu, Uchenna Noble and Agbo, Joy Udoka and Muller, Onno
                      and Schrey, Silvia and Nedbal, Ladislav and Niu, Yuxi and
                      Meier-Grüll, Matthias and Uguru, Michael},
      title        = {{E}ffect of organic photovoltaic and red-foil transmittance
                      on yield, growth and photosynthesis of two spinach genoty},
      journal      = {Photosynthesis research},
      volume       = {157},
      number       = {2-3},
      issn         = {0166-8595},
      address      = {Dordrecht [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Springer Science + Business Media B.V},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02251},
      pages        = {103-118},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {The galloping rise in global population in recent years and
                      the accompanying increase in food and energy demands has
                      created land use crisis between food and energy production,
                      and eventual loss of agricultural lands to the more
                      lucrative photovoltaics (PV) energy production. This
                      experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of
                      organic photovoltaics (OPV) and red-foil (RF) transmittance
                      on growth, yield, photosynthesis and SPAD value of spinach
                      under greenhouse and field conditions. Three OPV levels (P0:
                      control; P1: transmittance peak of 0.11 in blue light (BL)
                      and 0.64 in red light (RL); P2: transmittance peak of 0.09
                      in BL and 0.11 in RL) and two spinach genotypes (bufflehead,
                      eland) were combined in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement
                      in a completely randomized design with 4 replications in the
                      greenhouse, while two RF levels (RF0: control; RF1:
                      transmittance peak of 0.01 in BL and 0.89 in RL) and two
                      spinach genotypes were combined in a 2 × 2 factorial in
                      randomized complete block design with four replications in
                      the field. Data were collected on growth, yield,
                      photosynthesis and chlorophyll content. Analysis of variance
                      (ANOVA) showed significant reduction in shoot weight and
                      total biomass of spinach grown under very low light
                      intensities as a function of the transmittance properties of
                      the OPV cell used (P2). P1 competed comparably
                      (p > 0.05) with control in most growth and yield traits
                      measured. In addition, shoot to root distribution was higher
                      in P1 than control. RF reduced shoot and total biomass
                      production of spinach in the field due to its inability to
                      transmit other spectra of light. OPV-RF transmittance did
                      not affect plant height (PH), leaf number (LN), and SPAD
                      value but leaf area (LA) was highest in P2. Photochemical
                      energy conversion was higher in P1, P2 and RF1 in contrast
                      to control due to lower levels of non-photochemical energy
                      losses through the Y(NO) and Y(NPQ) pathways.
                      Photo-irradiance curves showed that plants grown under
                      reduced light (P2) did not efficiently manage excess light
                      when exposed to high light intensities. Bufflehead genotype
                      showed superior growth and yield traits than eland across
                      OPV and RF levels. It is therefore recommended that OPV
                      cells with transmittance properties greater than or equal to
                      $11\%$ in BL and $64\%$ in RL be used in APV systems for
                      improved photochemical and land use efficiency.},
      cin          = {IBG-2},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-2-20101118},
      pnm          = {2172 - Utilization of renewable carbon and energy sources
                      and engineering of ecosystem functions (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2172},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {37314664},
      UT           = {WOS:001007630800001},
      doi          = {10.1007/S11120-023-01028-8},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1008211},
}