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@ARTICLE{Lau:1008445,
      author       = {Lau, Alexander and Coenen, Jan Willem and Schwalenberg,
                      Daniel and Mao, Yiran and Höschen, Till and Riesch, Johann
                      and Raumann, Leonard and Treitz, Michael and Gietl, Hanns
                      and Terra, Alexis and Göhts, Beatrix and Linsmeier,
                      Christian and Theis-Bröhl, Katharina and Gonzalez-Julian,
                      Jesus},
      title        = {{B}ulk {T}ungsten {F}iber-{R}einforced {T}ungsten
                      ({W}f/{W}) {C}omposites {U}sing {Y}arn-{B}ased {T}extile
                      {P}reforms},
      journal      = {Journal of nuclear engineering},
      volume       = {4},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {2673-4362},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02345},
      pages        = {375 - 390},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {The use of tungsten fiber-reinforced tungsten composites
                      (Wf/W) has been demonstrated to significantly enhance the
                      mechanical properties of tungsten (W) by incorporating
                      W-fibers into the W-matrix. However, prior research has been
                      restricted by the usage of single fiber-based textile
                      fabrics, consisting of 150 µm warp and 50 µm weft
                      filaments, with limited homogeneity, reproducibility, and
                      mechanical properties in bulk structures due to the rigidity
                      of the 150 µm W-fibers. To overcome this limitation, two
                      novel textile preforms were developed utilizing radial
                      braided W-yarns with 7 core and 16 sleeve filaments (R.B. 16
                      + 7), with a diameter of 25 µm each, as the warp material.
                      In this study, bulk composites of two different fabric types
                      were produced via a layer-by-layer CVD process, utilizing
                      single 50 µm filaments (type 1) and R.B. 16 + 7 yarns (type
                      2) as weft materials. The produced composites were sectioned
                      into KLST-type specimens based on DIN EN ISO 179-1:2000
                      using electrical discharge machining (EDM) and subjected to
                      three-point bending tests. Both composites demonstrated
                      enhanced mechanical properties with pseudo-ductile behavior
                      at room temperature and withstood over 10,000 load cycles
                      between $50–90\%$ of their respective maximum load without
                      sample fracture in three-point cyclic loading tests.
                      Furthermore, a novel approach to predict the fatigue
                      behavior of the material under cyclic loading was developed
                      based on the high reproducibility of the composites
                      produced, especially for the composite based on type 1. This
                      approach provides a new benchmark for upscaling endeavors
                      and may enable a better prediction of the service life of
                      the produced components made of Wf/W in the future. In
                      comparison, the composite based on fabric type 1
                      demonstrated superior results in manufacturing performance
                      and mechanical properties. With a high relative average
                      density $(>97\%),$ a high fiber volume fraction
                      $(14–17\%),$ and a very homogeneous fiber distribution in
                      the CVD-W matrix, type 1 shows a promising option to be
                      further tested in high heat flux tests and to be potentially
                      used as an alternative to currently used materials for the
                      most stressed components of nuclear fusion reactors or other
                      potential application fields such as concentrated solar
                      power (CSP), aircraft turbines, the steel industry, quantum
                      computing, or welding tools. Type 2 composites have a higher
                      layer spacing compared to type 1, resulting in gaps within
                      the matrix and less homogeneous material properties. While
                      type 2 composites have demonstrated a notable enhancement
                      over 150 µm fiber-based composites, they are not viable for
                      industrial scale-up unlike type 1 composites.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Plasma-Wand-Wechselwirkung (POF4-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001189003700001},
      doi          = {10.3390/jne4020027},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1008445},
}