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@ARTICLE{Lazar:1008533,
      author       = {Lazar, Iwona and Rodenbücher, Christian and Bihlmayer,
                      Gustav and Randall, Clive A. and Koperski, Janusz and
                      Nielen, Lutz and Roleder, Krystian and Szot, Krzysztof},
      title        = {{T}he {E}lectrodegradation {P}rocess in {PZT} {C}eramics
                      under {E}xposure to {C}osmic {E}nvironmental {C}onditions},
      journal      = {Molecules},
      volume       = {28},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {1420-3049},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02370},
      pages        = {3652 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Long-time electric field action on perovskite piezoelectric
                      ceramic leads to chemical degradation. A new way to
                      accelerate the degradation is the exposure of the ceramic to
                      DC electric fields under a vacuum. A high-quality commercial
                      piezoelectric material based on PbZr1−xTixO3 is used to
                      study such impacts. To avoid the influence of ferroelectric
                      properties and possible removal of oxygen and lead oxides
                      during the degradation process, the experiments are in the
                      temperature interval of 500 °C > T > TC. Changes in
                      resistance during the electrodegradation process is an
                      electrically-induced deoxidation, transforming the ceramic
                      into a metallic-like material. This occurs with an extremely
                      low concentration of effused oxygen of 1016 oxygen atoms per
                      1 cm3. Due to this concentration not obeying the Mott
                      criterion for an isolator-metal transition, it is stated
                      that the removal of oxygen mostly occurs along the grain
                      boundaries. It agrees with the first-principle calculations
                      regarding dislocations with oxygen vacancies. The decrease
                      in resistivity during electrodegradation follows a power law
                      and is associated with a decrease in the dislocation
                      dimension. The observed reoxidation process is a lifeline
                      for the reconstructing (self-healing) properties of
                      electro-degraded ceramics in harsh cosmic conditions. Based
                      on all of these investigations, a macroscopic and nanoscopic
                      model of the electrodegradation is presented.},
      cin          = {IEK-14 / PGI-1},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129 / I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {1231 - Electrochemistry for Hydrogen (POF4-123)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {37175059},
      UT           = {WOS:000987739800001},
      doi          = {10.3390/molecules28093652},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1008533},
}