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@ARTICLE{Zhang:1008649,
      author       = {Zhang, Lijie and Poll, Stefan and Kollet, Stefan},
      title        = {{L}arge‐eddy simulation of soil moisture
                      heterogeneity‐induced secondary circulation with ambient
                      winds},
      journal      = {Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
      volume       = {149},
      number       = {751},
      issn         = {0035-9009},
      address      = {Weinheim [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02450},
      pages        = {404 - 420},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Land surface heterogeneity in conjunction with ambient
                      winds influences the convective atmospheric boundary layer
                      by affecting the distribution of incoming solar radiation
                      and forming secondary circulations. This study performed
                      coupled large-eddy simulation (ICON-LEM) with a land surface
                      model (TERRA-ML) over a flat river corridor mimicked by soil
                      moisture heterogeneity to investigate the impact of ambient
                      winds on secondary circulations. The coupled model employed
                      double-periodic boundary conditions with a spatial scale of
                      4.8 km. All simulations used the same idealized initial
                      atmospheric conditions with constant incident radiation of
                      700 W⋅m−2 and various ambient winds with different
                      speeds (0 to 16 m⋅s−1) and directions (e.g.,
                      cross-river, parallel-river, and mixed). The atmospheric
                      states are decomposed into ensemble-averaged, mesoscale, and
                      turbulence. The results show that the secondary circulation
                      structure persists under the parallel-river wind conditions
                      independently of the wind speed but is destroyed when the
                      cross-river wind is stronger than 2 m⋅s−1. The soil
                      moisture and wind speed determine the influence on the
                      surface energy distribution independent of the wind
                      direction. However, secondary circulations increase
                      advection and dispersive heat flux while decreasing
                      turbulent energy flux. The vertical profiles of the wind
                      variance reflect the secondary circulation, and the maximum
                      value of the mesoscale vertical wind variance indicates the
                      secondary circulation strength. The secondary circulation
                      strength positively scales with the Bowen ratio, stability
                      parameter (−Zi/L), and thermal heterogeneity parameter
                      under cross-river wind and mixed wind conditions. The
                      proposed similarity analyses and scaling approach provide a
                      new quantitative perspective on the impact of the ambient
                      wind under heteronomous soil moisture conditions on
                      secondary circulation.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000907056800001},
      doi          = {10.1002/qj.4413},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1008649},
}