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@ARTICLE{Kanz:1008840,
      author       = {Kanz, Olga and Brüggemann, Franka and Ding, Kaining and
                      Bittkau, Karsten and Rau, Uwe and Reinders, Angèle},
      title        = {{L}ife-cycle global warming impact of hydrogen transport
                      through pipelines from {A}frica to {G}ermany},
      journal      = {Sustainable energy $\&$ fuels},
      volume       = {7},
      number       = {13},
      issn         = {2398-4902},
      address      = {Cambridge},
      publisher    = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02505},
      pages        = {3014 - 3024},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Various hydrogen pipeline structures for the export of
                      hydrogen from Africa to Germany are analyzed by life cycle
                      analysis (LCA) in order to determine the global warming
                      potential (GWP) of the production and transportation of 1 kg
                      of hydrogen. This analysis was motivated by the fact that a
                      hydrogen pipeline infrastructure can be built
                      cost-effectively by partially using existing natural gas
                      pipelines. However, little is known about its possible
                      environmental impact. In this paper, the LCA method is used
                      to compare different import options, including possible
                      changes to future supply chains. Three supply locations –
                      Morocco, Senegal, and Nigeria – are compared with each
                      other and evaluated using Germany's domestic hydrogen supply
                      as a reference. Hydrogen transport via a pipeline from
                      Morocco shows emissions of 0.07–0.11 kg CO2-eq per kg H2,
                      and hydrogen transport from Nigeria causes emissions of
                      0.27–0.38 kg CO2-eq per kg H2. These figures are highly
                      dependent on the flow rate of hydrogen, the GWP of PV
                      electricity used to power the hydrogen compressors along the
                      way, and compression efficiency. However, the GWP due to
                      pipeline transport is negligible compared to the emissions
                      caused by PV electrolysis. The total emissions of the
                      African supply chain amount to 1.9–2.5 kg CO2-eq per kg
                      H2. From a sensitivity analysis, it can be concluded that,
                      by using identical PV panels, the GWP of German domestic
                      hydrogen production (3.0–3.1 kg CO2-eq per kg H2) still
                      has a higher GWP than hydrogen produced in Africa and
                      imported through pipeline supply chains.},
      cin          = {IEK-5},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-5-20101013},
      pnm          = {1214 - Modules, stability, performance and specific
                      applications (POF4-121) / CLIENT II - Verbundvorhaben
                      YESPV-NIGBEN: Ertragsanalyse und sozioökonomische
                      Folgenabschätzung von Photovoltaik und photovoltaisch
                      unterstützte Nahrungsmittelerzeugung und Energiesysteme im
                      tropischen Klima Nigerias-Benins (03SF0576A)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1214 / G:(BMBF)03SF0576A},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001003428800001},
      doi          = {10.1039/D3SE00281K},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1008840},
}