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@ARTICLE{Han:1009245,
      author       = {Han, Chengyuan and Schröder, Malte and Witthaut, Dirk and
                      Böttcher, Philipp C},
      title        = {{F}ormation of trade networks by economies of scale and
                      product differentiation},
      journal      = {Journal of physics / Complexity},
      volume       = {4},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {2632-072X},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02706},
      pages        = {025006},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Understanding the structure and formation of networks is a
                      central topic in complexity science. Economic networks are
                      formed by decisions of individual agents and thus not
                      properly described by established random graph models. In
                      this article, we establish a model for the emergence of
                      trade networks that is based on rational decisions of
                      individual agents. The model incorporates key drivers for
                      the emergence of trade, comparative advantage and economic
                      scale effects, but also the heterogeneity of agents and the
                      transportation or transaction costs. Numerical simulations
                      show three macroscopically different regimes of the emerging
                      trade networks. Depending on the specific transportation
                      costs and the heterogeneity of individual preferences, we
                      find centralized production with a star-like trade network,
                      distributed production with all-to-all trading or local
                      production and no trade. Using methods from statistical
                      mechanics, we provide an analytic theory of the transitions
                      between these regimes and estimates for critical parameters
                      values.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE / IEK-10},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-10-20170217},
      pnm          = {1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111) / CoNDyNet 2 - Kollektive Nichtlineare Dynamik
                      Komplexer Stromnetze (BMBF-03EK3055B) / DFG project
                      491111487 - Open-Access-Publikationskosten / 2022 - 2024 /
                      Forschungszentrum Jülich (OAPKFZJ) (491111487) /
                      HGF-ZT-I-0029 - Helmholtz UQ: Uncertainty Quantification -
                      from data to reliable knowledge (HGF-ZT-I-0029)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112 / G:(DE-JUEL1)BMBF-03EK3055B /
                      G:(GEPRIS)491111487 / G:(DE-Ds200)HGF-ZT-I-0029},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000974336100001},
      doi          = {10.1088/2632-072X/acc91f},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1009245},
}