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@INPROCEEDINGS{Khan:1009360,
      author       = {Khan, Muhammad Shirjeel and Menzler, Norbert H.},
      collaboration = {Lenser, Christian and Dellen, Christian and Sebold, Doris
                      and Sohn, Yoo Jung and Wessel, Egbert},
      title        = {{N}ew insights into the fuel electrode degradation during
                      solid oxide cells operation},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02776},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {The electrochemical performance of solid oxide cermet
                      electrodes is expected to improve with increased ionic
                      conductivity of the ion-conducting phase. We explored this
                      concept coupled with the effects of microstructural and
                      compositional changes in nickel-yttria-stabilized zirconia
                      (Ni-YSZ) and nickel-scandia-ceria-stabilized zirconia
                      (Ni-ScCeSZ) on their electrochemical performance. The
                      electrodes with 56:44 (NiO:YSZ or ScCeSZ) ratio and
                      different thicknesses were symmetrically screen printed on
                      YSZ pellets and sintered at 1400 °C for 5 h. The
                      electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the
                      prepared cells was then evaluated between 800-600 °C in
                      $Ar-3\%H2.$ It was found that the area-specific resistance
                      (ASR) for Ni-ScCeSZ was much higher compared to the
                      conventional Ni-YSZ under these conditions, even though the
                      ionic-conductivity of ScCeSZ is greater than YSZ. Increasing
                      the initial NiO content in NiO-ScCeSZ from 56 wt. $\%$ to 65
                      wt. $\%$ also did not improve its electrochemical
                      performance relative to Ni-YSZ. The cells were then analyzed
                      using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed the
                      formation of cracks and a contact loss between Ni and ScCeSZ
                      particles after EIS test. No such cracking was observed in
                      these cells before EIS test, demonstrating that the contact
                      loss is associated with the reduction of Ni. For the
                      conventional Ni-YSZ, all the particles were still intact,
                      before and after EIS test, illustrating the presence of
                      large number of triple phase boundaries and hence a better
                      performance than Ni-ScCeSZ. The X-ray diffraction (XRD)
                      analysis did not show any new phase formation or changes in
                      the crystal structures of Ni(O) and ScCeSZ. The transmission
                      electron microscopy (TEM), however, showed the presence of
                      scandium (Sc)-rich phase at the NiO grain boundaries after
                      sintering and provided some interesting insights into the
                      diffusion-related degradation phenomenon responsible for the
                      contact loss between Ni and ScCeSZ particles.},
      month         = {Jul},
      date          = {2023-07-02},
      organization  = {XVIII Conference $\&$ Exhibition of
                       the European Ceramic Society, Lyon
                       (France), 2 Jul 2023 - 6 Jul 2023},
      subtyp        = {Plenary/Keynote},
      cin          = {IEK-1 / IEK-2},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {1231 - Electrochemistry for Hydrogen (POF4-123) / SOFC -
                      Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC-20140602)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231 / G:(DE-Juel1)SOFC-20140602},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1009360},
}