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@ARTICLE{Sieben:1009548,
      author       = {Sieben, Anna and Seyfried, Armin},
      title        = {{I}nside a life-threatening crowd: {A}nalysis of the {L}ove
                      {P}arade disaster from the perspective of eyewitnesses},
      journal      = {Safety science},
      volume       = {166},
      issn         = {0925-7535},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02870},
      pages        = {106229 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {During the Love Parade disaster in 2010 in Duisburg,
                      Germany, twenty-one visitors lost their lives and more than
                      five hundred were injured in a very dense crowd on the route
                      to and from the festival area. Approximately nine hundred
                      visitors who had been among this crowd were subsequently
                      interviewed by police officers as eyewitnesses. This paper
                      analyzes a random sample of 136 of these witness statements,
                      focusing on how those present perceived the crowd, how they
                      behaved, how they experienced the event emotionally, what
                      happened to their bodies, and which collective dynamics they
                      described. This approach provides a perspective from within
                      crowd dynamics which are usually observed from a top-view
                      perspective. Almost all the attendees became strongly
                      focused on the staircase and the pole—the only visible
                      ways out of the crowd. In some cases, they tried to reach
                      these destinations by all means and at the expense of
                      others. But at the same time, helping behavior is the
                      behavior most frequently mentioned. Although witnesses
                      described feelings of intense fear, they reject the idea of
                      mass panic. As the most dangerous dynamics, a combination of
                      falls (often after people had fainted) and transversal waves
                      (which made people fall on top of each other) could be
                      reconstructed. When people fall in a tightly packed crowd, a
                      hole can form which pulls in more people due to the pressure
                      on those standing around the edge of the hole, thus creating
                      a pile of wedged bodies.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001035496500001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106229},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1009548},
}