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@ARTICLE{Peitz:1009758,
      author       = {Peitz, Katharina and Stumme, Johanna and Jockwitz,
                      Christiane and Bittner, Nora and Caspers, Svenja and Heim,
                      Stefan},
      title        = {{T}he influence of bilingualism on gray matter volume in
                      the course of aging: a longitudinal study},
      journal      = {Frontiers in aging neuroscience},
      volume       = {15},
      issn         = {1663-4365},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02972},
      pages        = {1193283},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Background: Bilingualism is associated with higher gray
                      matter volume (GMV) as a form of brain reserve in brain
                      regions such as the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the
                      inferior parietal lobule (IPL). A recent cross-sectional
                      study reported the age-related GMV decline in the left IFG
                      and IPL to be steeper for bilinguals than for monolinguals.
                      The present study aimed at supporting this finding for the
                      first time with longitudinal data.Methods: In the current
                      study, 200 participants aged 19 to 79 years (87
                      monolinguals, 113 sequential bilinguals, mostly native
                      German speakers with variable second language background)
                      were included. Trajectories of GMV decline in the bilateral
                      IFG and IPL were analyzed in mono- and bilinguals over two
                      time points (mean time interval: 3.6 years). For four
                      regions of interest (left/right IFG and left/right IPL),
                      mixed Analyses of Covariance were conducted to assess (i)
                      GMV changes over time, (ii) GMV differences for language
                      groups (monolinguals/bilinguals), and (iii) the interaction
                      between time point and language group. Corresponding
                      analyses were conducted for the two factors of GMV, surface
                      area (SA) and cortical thickness (CT).Results: There was
                      higher GMV in bilinguals compared to monolinguals in the
                      IPL, but not IFG. While the left and right IFG and the right
                      IPL displayed a similar GMV change in mono- and bilinguals,
                      GMV decline within the left IPL was significantly steeper in
                      bilinguals. There was greater SA in bilinguals in the
                      bilateral IPL and a steeper CT decline in bilinguals within
                      in the left IPL.Conclusion: The cross-sectional observations
                      of a steeper GMV decline in bilinguals could be confirmed
                      for the left IPL. Additionally, the higher GMV in bilinguals
                      in the bilateral IPL may indicate that bilingualism
                      contributes to brain reserve especially in posterior brain
                      regions. SA appeared to contribute to bilinguals’ higher
                      GMV in the bilateral IPL, while CT seemed to account for the
                      steeper structural decline in bilinguals in the left IPL.
                      The present findings demonstrate the importance of time as
                      an additional factor when assessing the neuroprotective
                      effects of bilingualism on structural features of the human
                      brain.},
      cin          = {INM-1},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-1-20090406},
      pnm          = {5251 - Multilevel Brain Organization and Variability
                      (POF4-525) / HBP SGA3 - Human Brain Project Specific Grant
                      Agreement 3 (945539) / JL SMHB - Joint Lab Supercomputing
                      and Modeling for the Human Brain (JL SMHB-2021-2027)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5251 / G:(EU-Grant)945539 / G:(DE-Juel1)JL
                      SMHB-2021-2027},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {37547741},
      UT           = {WOS:001041892000001},
      doi          = {10.3389/fnagi.2023.1193283},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1009758},
}