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@ARTICLE{Theisen:1010198,
      author       = {Theisen, Christian and Rosen, Marlene and Meisenzahl, Eva
                      and Koutsouleris, Nikolaos and Lichtenstein, Theresa and
                      Ruhrmann, Stephan and Kambeitz, Joseph and
                      Kambeitz-Ilankovic, Lana and Riecher-Rössler, Anita and
                      Chisholm, Katharine and Upthegrove, Rachel and Antonucci,
                      Linda A. and Bertolino, Alessandro and Pigoni, Alessandro
                      and Salokangas, Raimo K. R. and Pantelis, Christos and Wood,
                      Stephen J. and Lencer, Rebekka and Falkai, Peter and
                      Hietala, Jarmo and Brambilla, Paolo and Schmidt, André and
                      Andreou, Christina and Borgwardt, Stefan and Osman, Naweed
                      and Schultze-Lutter, Frauke},
      title        = {{T}he heterogeneity of attenuated and brief limited
                      psychotic symptoms: association of contents with age, sex,
                      country, religion, comorbidities, and functioning},
      journal      = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
      volume       = {14},
      issn         = {1664-0640},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-03009},
      pages        = {1209485},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Introduction: The Attenuated Psychosis Symptoms (APS)
                      syndrome mostly represents the ultra-high-risk state of
                      psychosis but, as does the Brief Intermittent Psychotic
                      Symptoms (BIPS) syndrome, shows a large variance in
                      conversion rates. This may be due to the heterogeneity of
                      APS/BIPS that may be related to the effects of culture, sex,
                      age, and other psychiatric morbidities. Thus, we
                      investigated the different thematic contents of APS and
                      their association with sex, age, country, religion,
                      comorbidity, and functioning to gain a better understanding
                      of the psychosis-risk syndrome.Method: A sample of 232
                      clinical high-risk subjects according to the ultra-high risk
                      and basic symptom criteria was recruited as part of a
                      European study conducted in Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and
                      Finland. Case vignettes, originally used for supervision of
                      inclusion criteria, were investigated for APS/BIPS contents,
                      which were compared for sex, age, country, religion,
                      functioning, and comorbidities using chi-squared tests and
                      regression analyses.Result: We extracted 109 different
                      contents, mainly of APS $(96.8\%):$ 63 delusional, 29
                      hallucinatory, and 17 speech-disorganized contents. Only 20
                      contents $(18.3\%)$ were present in at least $5\%$ of the
                      sample, with paranoid and referential ideas being the most
                      frequent. Thirty-one $(28.5\%)$ contents, in particular,
                      bizarre ideas and perceptual abnormalities, demonstrated an
                      association with age, country, comorbidity, or functioning,
                      with regression models of country and obsessive-compulsive
                      disorders explaining most of the variance: 55.8 and
                      $38.3\%,$ respectively. Contents did not differ between
                      religious groups.Conclusion: Psychosis-risk patients report
                      a wide range of different contents of APS/BIPS, underlining
                      the psychopathological heterogeneity of this group but also
                      revealing a potential core set of contents. Compared to
                      earlier reports on North-American samples, our maximum
                      prevalence rates of contents were considerably lower; this
                      likely being related to a stricter rating of APS/BIPS and
                      cultural influences, in particular, higher schizotypy
                      reported in North-America. The various associations of some
                      APS/BIPS contents with country, age, comorbidities, and
                      functioning might moderate their clinical severity and,
                      consequently, the related risk for psychosis and/or
                      persistent functional disability.},
      cin          = {INM-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {5251 - Multilevel Brain Organization and Variability
                      (POF4-525) / DFG project 491111487 -
                      Open-Access-Publikationskosten / 2022 - 2024 /
                      Forschungszentrum Jülich (OAPKFZJ) (491111487)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5251 / G:(GEPRIS)491111487},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {37484669},
      UT           = {WOS:001033177700001},
      doi          = {10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1209485},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1010198},
}