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@ARTICLE{Masharqa:1016758,
      author       = {Masharqa, Asmaa and Al-Tardeh, Sharaf and Mlih, Rawan and
                      Bol, Roland},
      title        = {{V}ertical and {H}ybrid {C}onstructed {W}etlands as a
                      {S}ustainable {T}echnique to {I}mprove {D}omestic
                      {W}astewater {Q}uality},
      journal      = {Water},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {19},
      issn         = {2073-4441},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-03744},
      pages        = {3348 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Developing safer and environmentally friendly methods for
                      wastewater management is a crucial issue worldwide.
                      Pollutants stemming from pure elemental, organic or
                      inorganic compounds, or microbial sources, are an increasing
                      problem in domestic wastewater. Constructed wetlands (CWs)
                      have been used as an effective and low-cost method of
                      treating different types of polluted water. This review
                      paper focuses on the effectiveness of pollutant-removal from
                      domestic wastewater using vertical flow constructed wetlands
                      (VFCWs) and hybrid constructed wetlands (HCWs).
                      Meta-analysis and ANOVA tests were conducted to analyse the
                      potentiality of VFCW and HCW as a remedy for domestic
                      wastewater and the effect of using different substrates and
                      plant species. Meta-analysis shows a high significance (p =
                      0.001) between the interactions (method, plant, and
                      substrate) on the pollutant’s removal efficiency. In both
                      analysis methods, there were no significant differences
                      between VFCW and HCW for the same pollutant (p > 0.05); the
                      average removal percentages when using VFCW and HCW
                      (according to ANOVA analysis) were $80\%$ vs. $90\%$ for
                      BOD, $78\%$ vs. $77\%$ for COD, $75\%$ vs. $83\%$ for
                      ammonium-N, $48\%$ vs. $56\%$ for TN, and $60\%$ for TP,
                      respectively. Moreover, this review article presents a
                      comprehensive overview of the removal mechanisms for
                      organics, inorganics, and metals from domestic wastewater
                      using VFCW, and the effects of environmental parameters
                      including substrate type, plant species, and dissolved
                      oxygen which have direct and indirect impacts on physical,
                      chemical, and biological removal mechanisms. In conclusion,
                      VFCWs and HCWs seem to be an excellent approach, offering
                      economical and environmentally friendly techniques for
                      domestic wastewater treatment, but VFCW is considered
                      simpler and more applicable for setting up on-site near
                      houses, as there is no significant difference (p > 0.05)
                      between applying VFCW or HCW on removal percentages for most
                      pollutants, according to ANOVA testing. More work is needed
                      to study the effect of non-planted VFCWs and HCWs on removal
                      efficiency.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001084974700001},
      doi          = {10.3390/w15193348},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1016758},
}