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@INPROCEEDINGS{Sarner:1016763,
      author       = {Sarner, Stephan and Menzler, Norbert H. and Guillon,
                      Olivier},
      title        = {({S}emi-){C}losed {L}oop {R}ecycling of {S}olid {O}xide
                      {C}ells},
      school       = {RWTH Aachen University},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-03749},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Fuel cell and hydrogen applications will be key to enable
                      the transition towards decarbonization and achieving the
                      EU's targets of zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
                      In the next years, priority will be set on the expansion of
                      suitable hydrogen electrolyzers, such as solid oxide
                      electrolysis cells (SOECs). Compared to other types of
                      electrolyzers, the SOEC has a moderate technology readiness
                      level (TRL 5-7). In order to facilitate the market entry and
                      at the same time recover valuable raw materials, recycling
                      concepts have to be developed and implemented at an early
                      stage.The task of reusing or recovering high-temperature
                      electrolyzer components is being addressed and focusses on
                      the reprocessing of ceramic components of End-of-Life SOECs.
                      Recycling in a closed-loop is particularly desirable, while
                      the process is designed to be as scalable as possible. The
                      biggest challenge for SOC recycling arises from the fact
                      that no standardized manufacturing process for hydrogen
                      electrolysis stacks/cells is currently existing. As a
                      result, several cell types are available, sometimes
                      differing significantly in their structures, materials and
                      materials shares used. The cell designs can be divided into
                      metal-supported cells (MSCs), electrolyte-supported cells
                      (ESCs), and fuel electrode-supported cells (FESCs). Even
                      within one cell type, differences can occur depending on the
                      manufacturer. Therefore, it is likely that a classification
                      and separation according to comparable cell types will be
                      needed in the future.We focus mainly on the recycling of
                      FESC-type cells. After separation from the stack, the cell
                      will undergo different stages within the recycling process,
                      illustrated in Figure 1. After re-oxidizing the whole cell,
                      the air electrode and contact layer (~15 $wt\%)$ are removed
                      by acid treatment, however most parts of the cell remain
                      stable (~85 $wt\%).$ This solid fraction is further milled
                      down and reprocessed to substrate slurry. Defined portions
                      of the recycled slurry are admixed with standard slurry. The
                      resulting green tapes and sintered bodies are investigated
                      in terms of microstructure and mechanical stability.Parts of
                      the liquid fraction of the cell, according to ~15 $wt\%$ of
                      the cell, are recovered by oxalate precipitation of
                      lanthanum. It was possible to recover $~95\%$ of the
                      lanthanum contained, which corresponds to about 60 $wt\%$ of
                      the total dissolved load.},
      month         = {Sep},
      date          = {2023-09-25},
      organization  = {9th International Conference on
                       Fundamentals $\&$ Development of Fuel
                       Cells, Ulm (Germany), 25 Sep 2023 - 27
                       Sep 2023},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IEK-1},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {1231 - Electrochemistry for Hydrogen (POF4-123) / SOFC -
                      Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC-20140602)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231 / G:(DE-Juel1)SOFC-20140602},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      doi          = {10.34734/FZJ-2023-03749},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1016763},
}