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@ARTICLE{Rakua:1016952,
      author       = {Rakuša, Elena and Fink, Anne and Tamgüney, Gültekin and
                      Heneka, Michael T. and Doblhammer, Gabriele},
      title        = {{S}poradic {U}se of {A}ntibiotics in {O}lder {A}dults and
                      the {R}isk of {D}ementia: {A} {N}ested {C}ase–{C}ontrol
                      {S}tudy {B}ased on {G}erman {H}ealth {C}laims {D}ata},
      journal      = {Journal of Alzheimer's disease},
      volume       = {93},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1387-2877},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {IOS Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-03860},
      pages        = {1329 - 1339},
      year         = {2023},
      note         = {Bitte Post-print ergänzen},
      abstract     = {Background: Antibiotics for systemic use may increase the
                      risk of neurodegeneration, yet antibiotic therapy may be
                      able to halt or mitigate an episode of neurodegenerative
                      decline.Objective: To investigate the association of
                      sporadic use of antibiotics and subsequent dementia risk
                      (including Alzheimer's disease).Methods: We used data from
                      the largest public health insurance fund in Germany, the
                      Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse (AOK). Each of the 35,072
                      dementia cases aged 60 years and older with a new dementia
                      diagnosis during the observation period from 2006 to 2018
                      was matched with two control-patients by age, sex, and time
                      since 2006. We ran conditional logistic regression models
                      for dementia risk in terms of odds ratios (OR) as a function
                      of antibiotic use for the entire antibiotic group and for
                      each antibiotic subgroup. We controlled for comorbidities,
                      need for long-term care, hospitalizations, and nursing home
                      placement.Results: Antibiotic use was positively associated
                      with dementia (OR = 1.18, $95\%$ confidence interval $(95\%$
                      CI):1.14-1.22), which became negative after adjustment for
                      comorbidities, at least one diagnosis of bacterial infection
                      or disease, and covariates (OR = 0.93, $95\%$ CI:0.90-0.96).
                      Subgroups of antibiotics were also negatively associated
                      with dementia after controlling for covariates:
                      tetracyclines (OR = 0.94, $95\%$ CI:0.90-0.98), beta-lactam
                      antibacterials, penicillins (OR = 0.93, $95\%$
                      CI:0.90-0.97), other beta-lactam antibacterials (OR = 0.92,
                      $95\%$ CI:0.88-0.95), macrolides, lincosamides, and
                      streptogramins (OR = 0.88, $95\%$ CI:0.85-0.92), and
                      quinolone antibacterials (OR = 0.96, $95\%$
                      CI:0.92-0.99).Conclusion: Our results suggest that there was
                      a decreased likelihood of dementia for preceding antibiotic
                      use. The benefits of antibiotics in reducing inflammation
                      and thus the risk of dementia need to be carefully weighed
                      against the increase in antibiotic resistance.},
      cin          = {IBI-7},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBI-7-20200312},
      pnm          = {5244 - Information Processing in Neuronal Networks
                      (POF4-524)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {37182873},
      UT           = {WOS:001006111900010},
      doi          = {10.3233/JAD-221153},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1016952},
}