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@ARTICLE{Kpper:1017062,
      author       = {Küpper, Mira and Seyfried, Armin},
      title        = {{W}aiting in crowded places - influence of number of
                      pedestrians, waiting time and obstacles},
      journal      = {Interface},
      volume       = {20},
      number       = {206},
      issn         = {1742-5689},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {The Royal Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-03904},
      pages        = {20230193},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {At crowded places, like railway platforms at rush hour, the
                      spatial distribution of waiting pedestrians has a
                      significant influence on performance and level of comfort.
                      However, the choice of waiting places and the resulting
                      spatial distribution of the crowd have rarely been studied.
                      This study investigates the effects of obstacles, number of
                      passengers and waiting time on the distribution of waiting
                      passengers. Laboratory experiments were performed using a
                      mock-up platform with three setups: without obstacles, with
                      a narrow and a wide obstacle. Density profiles determine
                      preferred waiting places. While the space usage by waiting
                      passengers is inhomogeneous, the distances between the
                      individuals show surprisingly small variations, regardless
                      of obstacles and number of passengers. This suggests a
                      robust collective optimisation of the crowd when searching
                      for waiting positions. In doing so, and without necessity,
                      the participants chose distances to each other extending
                      into the personal zone specified in classical
                      personal-space-concepts. These results indicate necessary
                      refinements of the concept by considering context and
                      collective behaviour. The findings are transformed into
                      floorfields modelling the space usage by a superposition of
                      attractive or repulsive areas which consider optimisation of
                      distances and comfort. This model does not only reproduce
                      the waiting places at platforms but can be adapted for other
                      use cases.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / Croma - Crowd
                      Management in Transport Infrastructures (BMBF-DB001534)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(DE-Juel-1)BMBF-DB001534},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {37700712},
      UT           = {WOS:001066192300004},
      doi          = {10.1098/rsif.2023.0193},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1017062},
}