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@ARTICLE{DorowGerspach:1017122,
      author       = {Dorow-Gerspach, D. and Bram, M. and Ganesh, V. and
                      Matejicek, J. and Pintsuk, G. and Vilemova, M. and Wirtz, M.
                      and Linsmeier, C.},
      title        = {{B}enchmarking by high heat flux testing of {W}-steel
                      joining technologies},
      journal      = {Nuclear materials and energy},
      volume       = {37},
      issn         = {2352-1791},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-03944},
      pages        = {101508 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {For a future commercial fusion reactor, the joining of
                      tungsten and steel will be of vital importance, covering the
                      main part of the plasma facing area. However, the large
                      difference, of more than a factor of 2, in the coefficient
                      of thermal expansion (CTE) of W and steel results in high
                      thermal stresses at their interface. The cyclic nature of
                      the operation can cause fatigue effects and could result in
                      a premature failure of the joint.One possible solution is
                      the insertion of a functionally graded material (FGM), with
                      varying the CTE, as an interlayer between tungsten and
                      steel, which could reduce these stresses. In this study, two
                      processes, atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and spark
                      plasma sintering (SPS), are utilized to manufacture such
                      FGMs. The gradation was accomplished by using two or three
                      layers with a thickness of 0.5 mm each.Another principle is
                      the insertion of a ductile metal interlayer, which reduces
                      the stress by plastic deformation. Vanadium and titanium
                      foils of varying thickness were chosen, as both have a CTE
                      in between W and steel and V forms a solid solution with W
                      and Fe. These and a direct W-steel joint as baseline
                      reference were made by current-assisted diffusion bonding.
                      All samples consist of 3 mm thick W and steel tiles allowing
                      a direct comparison of the different technologies.An
                      efficient high heat flux benchmark test procedure was
                      developed and performed to investigate and compare the
                      potential of the different joining technologies. For this,
                      the complete stacks were brazed on actively cooled copper
                      cooling modules and tested with high stationary heat loads
                      of up to 5 MW/m2 with 200 cycles at each level in the JUDITH
                      2 facility. Detailed thermal analysis including comparison
                      with prediction based on FEM simulation are presented to
                      understand the cause of the failure and track the
                      degradation. This study allows to help focusing the further
                      development of W-steel joining technologies.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {624},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Plasma-Wand-Wechselwirkung (POF4-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001081513700001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nme.2023.101508},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1017122},
}