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@INPROCEEDINGS{Sieben:1017210,
      author       = {Sieben, Anna and Seyfried, Armin},
      title        = {{R}econstruction of the {L}oveparade disaster from the
                      perspective of visitors. {A}nalysis of witness statements},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-04021},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {In the Loveparade disaster in 2010 a very dense crowd
                      situation appeared in which 21 visitors of the dance
                      festival were killed, and several hundred injured. This
                      paper presents an analysis of a random selection of 136
                      witness statements of visitors who had been within this
                      life-threatening crowd. It combines perspectives from
                      psychology and physics. In addition to analyses of the
                      complex, multifactorial overall situation that led to the
                      disaster [1] or of the dynamics of the crowd from above on
                      the basis of CCTV footage [2] this study approaches the
                      dynamics from within, from the perspective of visitors. They
                      had been interviewed by police officers in the hours, day,
                      or weeks after the disaster. This material can now be
                      analyzed scientifically after the judicial process ended in
                      2020 without a verdict. Eyewitnesses describe how they
                      perceived the situation, how they (and others) behaved and
                      what they experienced. Furthermore, they can provide
                      information about what collective dynamics there were in the
                      crowd and how they affected their bodies.Psychologically,
                      the situation is characterized on the one hand by a strongly
                      limited perception (only the backs of the direct neighbors
                      are seen, free areas in the back are not noticed, the danger
                      of the situation is noticed only late) and on the other hand
                      by a very good perceptibility of the possibilities to climb
                      out of the crowd caught on the ramp via the stairs or the
                      poles. This has led to a strong pressure in the direction of
                      the stairs and poles. At the same time, visitors most often
                      describe that they helped each other. Even though fear of
                      death is reported, the witnesses contradict the idea that
                      there was a mass panic. As the most dangerous dynamics a
                      combination of falls (often after people had fainted) and
                      transversal waves could be reconstructed. Falling people can
                      create a hole in a tightly packed crowd. Due to the pressure
                      people at the edge of the hole are pulled in, creating a
                      pile of wedged bodies. These results are in conformance to
                      reconstructions of other disasters (i.e. [3]). In comparison
                      to the case analyzed in [3] the situation at the Loveparade
                      is more complex. In addition, the study presented here
                      relies on a larger amount of data, and a more systematic
                      content analysis of physical and psychological aspects. This
                      methodology allows to describe the dangerous dynamics in a
                      high level of detail.Bibliography[1] Gerlach J. Professional
                      processing of causes of the tragic events at the Loveparade
                      Duisburg 2010, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6073264,
                      2021.[2] Helbing, D., Mukerji, P., Crowd disasters as
                      systemic failures: analysis of the Loveparade disaster. EPJ
                      Data Science 1, 7. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds7 , 2012.[3]
                      Johnson N. R., 1987. Panic at ''The Who Concert Stampede":
                      An Empirical Assessment, Social Problems, Vol. 34, No. 4,
                      1987},
      month         = {Jun},
      date          = {2023-06-28},
      organization  = {11th International Conference on
                       Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics,
                       Eindhoven (Netherlands), 28 Jun 2023 -
                       30 Jun 2023},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / CrowdDNA -
                      TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMPUTER-ASSISTED CROWD MANAGEMENT (899739)
                      / Croma - Crowd Management in Transport Infrastructures
                      (BMBF-DB001534)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(EU-Grant)899739 /
                      G:(DE-Juel-1)BMBF-DB001534},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      doi          = {10.34734/FZJ-2023-04021},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1017210},
}