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@ARTICLE{Uesten:1018082,
      author       = {Uesten, Ezel and Schumann, Jette and Sieben, Anna},
      title        = {{E}xploring the {D}ynamic {R}elationship between {P}ushing
                      {B}ehavior and {C}rowd {D}ynamics},
      journal      = {Collective dynamics},
      volume       = {8},
      issn         = {2366-8539},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-04532},
      pages        = {1 - 29},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Crowds, subjects of considerable complexity, have been
                      extensively studied both as homogeneous entities and as
                      collective sums of individual movements in various studies.
                      However, crowd models, being grounded in physics, are
                      limited in terms of incorporating psychological perspectives
                      on individual behavior. Building upon the premise that crowd
                      behavior is heterogeneous and dynamic, particularly in
                      bottleneck scenarios, this study aims to explore the nuances
                      of forward motion. Adopting the category system proposed by
                      Lügering et al. (2022) (consisting the following
                      categories: strong pushing, mild pushing, just walking,
                      falling behind), this paper investigates the circumstances
                      and locations where pushing or non-pushing behaviors arise,
                      intensify, or cease within crowds approaching bottlenecks.
                      The study utilized 14 video materials obtained from previous
                      laboratory pedestrian experiments to examine the spatial
                      characteristics of forward motion and pushing behavior in
                      relation to corridor widths and varied motivational
                      instructions. Two trained raters independently annotated
                      these videos, achieving satisfactory inter-rater agreement
                      (KALPHA = .65) , and a joint dataset was then created for
                      each video. These videos consisted both high (7 videos) and
                      low (7 videos) motivation scenarios. The importance of
                      corridor width was also considered: four videos featured a
                      5.6m width, another four featured a 4.5m width, and the
                      remaining videos displayed widths of 3.4m, 2.3m, and 1.2m
                      twice. Our findings suggest a tendency for increased pushing
                      behavior or an increase in the categories as individuals
                      approach the bottleneck, regardless of the width of the
                      corridor or the motivational instruction. Furthermore,
                      non-pushing behaviors were predominantly observed in the
                      areas farther away from the bottleneck. A noticeable trend
                      was observed in high motivation scenarios, which generally
                      exhibited more instances of pushing behavior. The effect of
                      corridor width indicated that, in certain cases, pedestrians
                      who push in wider corridors experience faster access to the
                      bottleneck. However, this effect is less significant in
                      narrower widths.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      ddc          = {380},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / DFG project
                      491111487 - Open-Access-Publikationskosten / 2022 - 2024 /
                      Forschungszentrum Jülich (OAPKFZJ) (491111487)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(GEPRIS)491111487},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.17815/CD.2023.143},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1018082},
}