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@ARTICLE{Chew:1019558,
      author       = {Chew, Junxian and Gibbon, Paul and Brömmel, Dirk and
                      Wauters, Tom and Gribov, Yuri},
      collaboration = {de Vries, Peter},
      title        = {{F}irst principles simulation of early stage plasma
                      initiation process in {ITER}-scale tokamak},
      journal      = {Nuclear fusion},
      volume       = {64},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {0029-5515},
      address      = {Vienna},
      publisher    = {IAEA},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-05497},
      pages        = {016003},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {A first principles 6D kinetic model is developed to study
                      the earliest times of unassisted plasma breakdown in an
                      International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
                      (ITER)-scale tokamak. This is then used for a comparative
                      study of the predicted ionisation rate and the electron
                      parallel velocity between the standard model for tokamak
                      breakdown, assuming a zero-D (0D) Townsend avalanche, and
                      the new kinetic model. The detailed model allows us to study
                      the influence of the magnetic field configurations on the
                      formation of plasma while explicitly resolving the electron
                      trajectories. We introduce a ‘back-traced’ connection
                      length $L_bt$ as a useful predictive tool for the spatial
                      distribution of charged particles during the breakdown
                      process. It is also found that the ionisation rate and the
                      mean electron parallel velocity from the kinetic model
                      generally exceed the 0D model predictions, demonstrating a
                      growth in the total electron population from $10^3$ to the
                      order of $10^8$ in approximately 1 ms. This implies that the
                      0D model can still serve as a conservative prediction for
                      the first plasma campaign on ITER.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5112 - Cross-Domain Algorithms, Tools, Methods Labs (ATMLs)
                      and Research Groups (POF4-511) / 5111 - Domain-Specific
                      Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs (SDLs) and Research
                      Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5112 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001102595200001},
      doi          = {10.1088/1741-4326/ad0796},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1019558},
}