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@ARTICLE{Bayat:1020235,
      author       = {Bayat, Bagher and Oloruntoba, Bamidele and Montzka, Carsten
                      and Vereecken, Harry and Hendricks Franssen, Harrie-Jan},
      title        = {{I}mplications for sustainable water consumption in
                      {A}frica by simulating five decades (1965–2014) of
                      groundwater recharge},
      journal      = {Journal of hydrology},
      volume       = {626},
      number       = {Part B},
      issn         = {0022-1694},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-05902},
      pages        = {130288 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Groundwater stands as a vital water resource for both
                      present and future generations in Africa. This underscores
                      the importance of examining the sustainability of current
                      groundwater consumption across the continent, along with its
                      capacity to fulfill the current human and essential
                      environmental water needs. Groundwater sustainable yield is
                      a suitable indicator for assessing groundwater
                      sustainability but has not yet been quantified properly
                      across Africa. A thorough quantification of groundwater
                      sustainable yield necessitates a profound comprehension of
                      the spatio-temporal fluctuations in surface hydrology,
                      groundwater recharge, environmental flow, and sectoral water
                      use. In this study, high spatial resolution (10 km) land
                      surface hydrology was simulated for five decades
                      (1965–2014) across Africa by the Community Land Model
                      version 5 at half-hourly time step and aggregated to monthly
                      and annual temporal resolutions. Then, groundwater recharge
                      and environmental flow were quantified based on the water
                      balance approach for the whole continent. Finally, by
                      including African sectoral water use data available for four
                      decades (1971–2010) we obtained the long-term average of
                      groundwater sustainable yield. Based on extensive
                      simulations of long-term land surface hydrology, we
                      discovered that the groundwater system in Africa experienced
                      an average annual recharge of 57.8 mm yr−1 (with a
                      standard deviation of 110.8 mm yr−1 serving as an
                      indicator of spatial variability), corresponding roughly to
                      an annual recharge volume of 1793.6 km3 yr−1. Furthermore,
                      our analysis revealed that the entire continent possesses an
                      annual average potential sustainable yield (with standard
                      deviations) of 4.5 mm yr−1 (10.2), 20.6 mm yr−1 (42.9),
                      and 37.3 mm yr−1 (75.7) under conservative, optimum, and
                      suitable water consumption scenarios, respectively. This
                      calculated annual groundwater sustainable yield corresponds
                      to 141.9 km3 yr−1, 643.1 km3 yr−1, and 1160.5 km3 yr−1
                      for the conservative, optimum, and suitable scenarios,
                      respectively. Furthermore, the calculated sustainable yield
                      volume is contrasted with the total water storage figures
                      documented for 50 countries throughout Africa. The outcomes
                      illustrate that our calculated annual sustainable yield
                      equates to roughly $0.02\%,$ $0.1\%,$ and $0.17\%$ of the
                      reported groundwater storage across the entire continent.
                      Based on the estimated long-term average sustainable yield
                      and the reported total water storage at the national level,
                      our conclusion is that the accessible groundwater resources
                      could potentially satisfy the current water requirements of
                      both humans and the environment in African countries. This
                      study offers the first model-based estimation of groundwater
                      availability across Africa, potentially serving as a
                      catalyst to inspire further progress toward adopting more
                      sustainable approaches to groundwater usage on the
                      continent.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217) / Verbundvorhaben H2-Atlas: Potentialatlas
                      Grüner Wasserstoff in Afrika - Eine technologische,
                      ökologische und sozioökonomische Machbarkeitsstudie
                      (03EW0001A)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173 / G:(BMBF)03EW0001A},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001105324500001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130288},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1020235},
}