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@ARTICLE{Mork:1020537,
      author       = {Mork, Maximilian and Redder, Florian and Xhonneux, André
                      and Müller, Dirk},
      title        = {{R}eal-world implementation and evaluation of a {M}odel
                      {P}redictive {C}ontrol framework in an office space},
      journal      = {Journal of building engineering},
      volume       = {78},
      issn         = {2352-7102},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-00250},
      pages        = {107619 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {In this work, Model Predictive Control (MPC) is
                      experimentally implemented on a Heating, Ventilation and Air
                      Conditioning (HVAC) system of a large-scale office space. As
                      controller model, a physics-based Modelica building model is
                      calibrated based on historic data pursuing an iterative,
                      nonlinear optimization approach. For the calibration period
                      with a horizon of seven weeks, the calibrated model exhibits
                      a high model accuracy with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)
                      of 0.49 between the measured and estimated room temperature.
                      The MPC toolchain includes modules for state estimation and
                      forecasts of disturbances quantities (such as outdoor
                      temperature, solar radiation including calculation of the
                      direct and diffuse fraction, supply temperatures and
                      occupancy). The MPC execution comprises the operation of
                      heating based on radiators and floor heating (via regulation
                      of valve openings) as well as shading of three Venetian
                      blind systems (via regulation of vertical position and slat
                      inclination angle). The experiment is conducted during a
                      heating period with a duration of three weeks from October
                      21 to November 11, 2022. The heating actuators are
                      controlled considering their typical dynamics and take into
                      account the night setback during unoccupied office periods.
                      User acceptance of the automated shading control is included
                      through additional cost function terms for the shading
                      operation. The field test reveals the predictive control
                      capabilities of the proposed MPC toolchain in a real-life
                      scenario, demonstrating energy-efficient building operation
                      and total average discomfort of 0.53 Kh/d. The MPC
                      formulation provides flexibility regarding adjustability of
                      the control towards energy efficiency, thermal comfort,
                      daylight transmission and non-oscillating shading control.
                      Finally, the disturbance forecast accuracies for outdoor
                      temperature and the solar radiation quantities are evaluated
                      and the MPC control performance is compared against a
                      conventional control approach.},
      cin          = {IEK-10},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-10-20170217},
      pnm          = {1121 - Digitalization and Systems Technology for
                      Flexibility Solutions (POF4-112) / 1123 - Smart Areas and
                      Research Platforms (POF4-112) / EG2050: LLEC-Verwaltungsbau:
                      Klimaneutraler Verwaltungsbau als aktiver Teil des Living
                      Lab Energy Campus (LLEC) (03EGB0010A) / Forschungs- und
                      Demonstrations-Projekt 'LLEC::JuPilot' (03EK3047) / LLEC -
                      Living Lab Energy Campus (LLEC-2018-2023)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1121 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1123 /
                      G:(BMWi)03EGB0010A / G:(BMBF)03EK3047 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)LLEC-2018-2023},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001138132300001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107619},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1020537},
}