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@ARTICLE{VonCossel:1020544,
      author       = {Von Cossel, M. and Lewin, E. and Lewandowski, I. and
                      Jablonowski, Nicolai David},
      title        = {{E}nergy yield decline of {S}ida hermaphrodita harvested
                      for biogas production},
      journal      = {Renewable $\&$ sustainable energy reviews},
      volume       = {190},
      number       = {Part B},
      issn         = {1364-0321},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-00257},
      pages        = {114069 -},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {The perennial and herbaceous plant Sida hermaphrodita L.
                      Rusby (Sida) has been investigated intensively with respect
                      to its use as a solid biofuel for combustion and, to a
                      lesser extent, for continuous biogas production. Since
                      biogas production provides many opportunities for economic
                      farm diversification, this study compared the biogas
                      potential of Sida with common biogas crops silage maize (Zea
                      mays L.) and cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.). To this
                      end biomass samples were collected from a randomized field
                      trial in Southwest Germany during the vegetative stage in
                      five consecutive years starting in 2014. Biogas batchtests
                      revealed constant specific-methane yields of 279 ± 8 LN
                      kgVS−1 for Sida, significantly lower than for maize (335
                      ± 5 LN kgVS−1) and significantly higher than for cup
                      plant (264.3 ± 3.7 LN kgVS−1). The annual Sida dry matter
                      biomass yields declined significantly by $51\%$ from 2015
                      (18.2 ± 2.6 Mg ha−1) to 2018 (9.2 ± 4.8 Mg ha−1) as a
                      result of the summer harvest regime. This, in turn, led to a
                      significant decline in Sida's total annual energy yields.
                      Consequently, the average annual Sida energy yield (3549 ±
                      901 L heating oil equivalents (HOE) ha−1) was
                      significantly lower than for maize (6611 ± 1186 L HOE
                      ha−1) and cup plant (5261 ± 974 L HOE ha−1). These
                      results clearly indicate that harvesting Sida during the
                      vegetative stage for biogas production significantly
                      decreases its energy yield over time. Therefore, Sida can be
                      used economically and ecologically more sustainable for
                      combustion using the dead plant biomass harvested in winter,
                      while cup plant proved competitive to maize for biogas
                      production.},
      cin          = {IBG-2},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-2-20101118},
      pnm          = {2171 - Biological and environmental resources for
                      sustainable use (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2171},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001115642900001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.rser.2023.114069},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1020544},
}