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@INPROCEEDINGS{Durmus:1020575,
      author       = {Durmus, Yasin Emre and Kaltenberg, Marcel and Kungl, Hans
                      and Tempel, Hermann and Ein-Eli, Yair and Eichel,
                      Rüdiger-A.},
      title        = {{BREAKING} {THE} {PASSIVITY} {WALL} {OF} {METALS}:
                      {EXEMPLI} {GRATIA} {NONAQUEOUS} {TI}–{AIR} {BATTERY}},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-00270},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {In recent years, metal–air batteries have been gaining
                      much attention as one crucial line of development as
                      promising energy storage devices due to possessing high
                      theoretical specific energies and energy densities while
                      utilizing cost-effective, safe, and environmentally friendly
                      electrode materials. Among various possible metal–air
                      configurations, mostly Zn–, Fe–, and Al–air have been
                      the research focus for many decades. Up to now, Ti has not
                      been considered as an active anode material, although it is
                      a light metal that can possibly transfer up to 4 electrons.
                      The reason behind this is that the electrochemical behavior
                      of Ti is known for its passivity in various media and, also,
                      it is conceptually mistaken as an expensive metal (∼5
                      times cheaper than Li-hydroxide (as a Li source)).Herein, we
                      report a novel non-aqueous primary Ti–air battery
                      utilizing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium oligofluorohydrogenate
                      (EMIm(HF)2.3F) room temperature ionic liquid as electrolyte.
                      Initially, the electrochemical behavior of Ti was studied by
                      potentiodynamic polarization, which revealed the first
                      insights into its electrochemical activity. Subsequently,
                      the galvanostatic discharge experiments were conducted to
                      evaluate the performance of Ti–air batteries in
                      full-cells. The battery could successfully be operated under
                      relatively high current densities (up to 0.75 mA/cm2) with
                      an average cell voltage of 1–1.2 V, yielding up to a
                      discharge capacity of 66 mAh/cm2. Post-mortem
                      characterization of the electrode surfaces was performed by
                      SEM in combination with EDS to analyze the potentially
                      deposited discharge products. Furthermore, ICP-OES and FTIR
                      techniques were employed for investigating the electrolytes
                      to gain further insights into the possible mechanisms
                      leading to cell discharge termination over time.
                      Accordingly, the possible reaction mechanisms governing
                      within the cell were proposed for such a novel Ti–air
                      battery. Such a metal–air battery holds a unique potential
                      to be the only metal with 4 electrons transfer during its
                      discharge once its full potential is harvested.},
      month         = {Oct},
      date          = {2023-10-08},
      organization  = {244th ECS Meeting, Gothenburg
                       (Sweden), 8 Oct 2023 - 12 Oct 2023},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IEK-9},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1020575},
}