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@INPROCEEDINGS{Sun:1021027,
      author       = {Sun, H. and Park, Junbeom and Basak, Shibabrata and Beker,
                      A. and van Omme, J. T. and Pivak, Y. and Garza, H. H. P.},
      title        = {{H}igh resolution and analytical transmission electron
                      microscopy in a liquid flow cell via gas purging},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-00487},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Liquid phase electron microscopy (LPEM) based on sandwiched
                      MEMS sample carriers provides the means toobserve
                      time-resolved dynamics in a liquid state. Until now, LPEM
                      has been widely used in materials science,energy and life
                      science, providing fundamental insights into nucleation and
                      growth, the dynamical evolution ofkey materials in batteries
                      and fuel cells, as well as the 3D imaging of biomolecules
                      [1]. Compared to liquid cellswithout a flowing function
                      (such as static graphene pocket cells), liquid flow cells
                      have obvious advantages.This includes the control of the
                      liquid environment, the modulation of the effect of electron
                      beam irradiation [2]and the integration of functional
                      electrodes for heating or/and biasing. Due to the pressure
                      difference betweenthe TEM column (~ 0 bar) and the enclosed
                      liquid cell (~1 bar), the two membranes (silicon nitride
                      with atypical thickness of ~50 nm) bulge outwards, resulting
                      in a thick liquid layer, which can reach more than
                      1micrometer in the cell center region. Therefore, performing
                      high resolution and analytical electron microscopystudies in
                      a liquid flow cell comes with a multitude of
                      challenges.Several strategies have been proposed to solve
                      this issue, including (1) decreasing the membrane thickness
                      orreplacing it with ultrathin materials e.g. graphene, h-BN,
                      MoS2, etc. [3], (2) developing novel cellconfigurations,
                      namely hole array patterns [4] and nanochannel [5], to avoid
                      or decrease the bulging, (3)generating a gas bubble via
                      electron beam irradiation [6,7], (4) generating a gas bubble
                      via electrochemicalwater splitting [8] and (5) mitigating
                      the window´s bulging by changing the pressure difference
                      between the celland TEM column, either via an external
                      pressure controller [9,10] or via the internal Laplace
                      pressure [10].Those methods have been proven useful in high
                      resolution and analytical electron microscopy studies in
                      LPEM,however, there are also intrinsic limitations in each
                      method.In this work, we propose a general and robust method
                      to perform high resolution and analytical electronmicroscopy
                      studies in a flow cell (the Stream Nano-Cell), which can be
                      implemented during liquid heating orliquid biasing
                      experiments. Thanks to the on-chip flow channel of the
                      Stream Nano-Cell [11], the liquid in thefield of view can be
                      removed by flowing gas (including inert gases to avoid
                      problems with air sensitivity), whichis termed "purging".
                      This purging method enables the acquisition of
                      high-resolution TEM images, chemicalcomposition and valence
                      analysis through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
                      mapping and ElectronEnergy-Loss Spectroscopy (EELS),
                      respectively. In addition, the purging approach is both
                      reversible andreproducible, which therefore enables the
                      alternation between a full cell and a thin liquid
                      configuration to studyliquid-thickness-dependent physical
                      and chemical phenomena.References1.F. M. Ross. Science,
                      2015, 350, aaa9886.2.N. M. Schneider, et al. J. Phys. Chem.
                      C, 2014, 118, 22373.3.G. Dunn, et al., ACS Nano, 2020, 14,
                      9637.4.S. Nagashima, et al. Nano Lett., 2019, 19, 10,
                      7000.5.M. N. Yesibolati, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2020, 124,
                      065502.6.G. Zhu, et al. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 10944.7.U.
                      Mirsaidov, et al. Soft Matter, 2012, 8, 7108.8.R.
                      Serra-Maia, et al. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 10228.9.S. Keskin, et
                      al. Nano Lett., 2019, 19, 4608.10.H. Wu, et al. Small
                      Methods, 2021, 5, 2001287.11.A. F. Beker, et al. Nanoscale,
                      2020, 12, 22192.},
      month         = {Feb},
      date          = {2023-02-26},
      organization  = {Microscopy Conference 2023, Darmstadt
                       (Germany), 26 Feb 2023 - 2 Mar 2023},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IEK-9},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {1232 - Power-based Fuels and Chemicals (POF4-123)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1232},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1021027},
}