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@INPROCEEDINGS{Valencia:1021034,
      author       = {Valencia, Helen and Rapp, Philip and Ahrens, Lara and Graf,
                      Maximilian and Gasteiger, Huber and Basak, Shibabrata and
                      Eichel, Rüdiger-A. and Mayer, Joachim},
      title        = {{T}racking the crystalline-amorphous transition during
                      lithiation of silicon microparticles},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-00494},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {With the aim of the European Commission to archive the
                      first climate-neutral continent by 2025 the development of
                      electrical energy systems is of great importance [1].
                      Therefore, the improvement of energy storage systems is
                      crucial, making the development of the next generation of
                      Lithium-ion batteries an up-to-date topic. Graphite-based
                      anodes are nowadays widely used, but silicon-based anodes
                      are of great interest due to their high theoretical capacity
                      of 3579 mAh/g which is approximately ten-fold than that of
                      the commonly used graphite-based anodes [2,3]. The biggest
                      challenge that silicon-based anodes face is the degradation
                      due to volume expansions of ~300 $\%$ upon (de)lithiation,
                      resulting in a crystalline-amorphous transition. To overcome
                      this hurdle, one approach is partial lithiation, by only
                      using ~30 $\%$ of the silicon anode, meaning the silicon
                      anode is cycled under its capacity limit. The benefit of
                      this approach is a smaller volume expiation of only
                      one-third of the maximal expansion which also helps to
                      ensure that a crystalline silicon phase remains upon
                      (de)lithiation [4]. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
                      is the method of choice in order to correlate the
                      microstructure, and chemical composition with the
                      electrochemical performance of the crystalline and amorphous
                      phases within partially lithiated polycrystalline silicon
                      microparticles. Although silicon nanoparticles have been
                      studied extensively and a core-shell model is proposed
                      [2,5]. In the sample we investigated, we found out that
                      additional amorphous veins form throughout the silicon
                      crystal upon lithiation, which is supported by other
                      literature sources [6]. This indicates that there are still
                      unanswered questions regarding bulk silicon anodes. To
                      further understand how the amorphous veins form in the
                      silicon microparticles during lithiation and whether this
                      stage can be investigated, an in-situ biasing TEM experiment
                      was performed to lithiate a pristine sample by applying an
                      electrical current.},
      month         = {Sep},
      date          = {2023-09-10},
      organization  = {The 20th of International Microscopy
                       Congress, Busan (South Korea), 10 Sep
                       2023 - 15 Sep 2023},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IEK-9 / ER-C-2},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218 / I:(DE-Juel1)ER-C-2-20170209},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1021034},
}