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@ARTICLE{Tweer:1021431,
      author       = {Tweer, Jannik and Day, Robin and Derra, Thomas and
                      Dorow-Gerspach, Daniel and Loewenhoff, Thorsten and Wirtz,
                      Marius and Linsmeier, Christian and Bergs, Thomas and
                      Natour, Ghaleb},
      title        = {{I}nitial experiments to regenerate the surface of
                      plasma-facing components by wire-based laser metal
                      deposition},
      journal      = {Nuclear materials and energy},
      volume       = {38},
      issn         = {2352-1791},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-00728},
      pages        = {101577 -},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Plasma-facing components (PFC) in nuclear fusion reactors
                      are exposed to demanding conditions during operation. The
                      combination of thermal loads, plasma exposure as well as
                      neutron induced damage and activation limits the number of
                      materials suitable for this application. Due to its
                      properties, tungsten (W) is foreseen as plasma-facing
                      material (PFM) for the future DEMOnstration power plant. It
                      is considered suitable due to its exceptionally high melting
                      point, excellent thermal conductivity, low tritium retention
                      and low erosion resistance during plasma exposure. But even
                      tungsten armored PFCs have a limited lifetime due to, among
                      other factors, surface erosion and the resulting thickness
                      reduction of the armor material.In-situ local deposition of
                      tungsten by means of additive manufacturing (AM) could
                      counteract surface erosion and thus increase the service
                      life span of PFCs. After evaluation of the potential AM
                      processes qualified for this task, the wire-based laser
                      metal deposition (LMD-w) process was selected as the most
                      suitable process. First trials were conducted to examine if
                      it is possible to reliably deposit tungsten onto tungsten
                      substrate using the LMD-w process. In these first studies,
                      single welding beads were generated, and in later
                      experiments, entire layers were created from several welding
                      beads which are arranged next to each other. To ensure
                      reproducibility of the results, the substrate temperature
                      was kept constant. Further experiments aimed at the
                      elimination or minimization of problems such as oxidation,
                      occurrence of balling defects, porosity, cracking, surface
                      waviness and insufficient connection to the substrate. To
                      increase the welding bead quality, the input parameters like
                      laser power, deposition velocity, wire feed rate, inert gas
                      flow, as well as the wire position were optimized.
                      Furthermore, stacking of several layers, as well as the
                      remelting of an already created layer, were carried out and
                      investigated. This study represents the first steps in
                      testing the feasibility of an in-situ surface regeneration
                      concept for PFCs.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {624},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Plasma-Wand-Wechselwirkung (POF4-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001154211000001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nme.2023.101577},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1021431},
}