% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@BOOK{Aymanns:1021891,
      author       = {Aymanns, Katharina},
      title        = {{M}uon {I}maging {P}resent {S}tatus and {E}merging
                      {A}pplications},
      address      = {Vienna},
      publisher    = {IAEA},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-01039},
      series       = {IAEA-TECD OC-2012},
      pages        = {104},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {X ray, neutron and gamma radiography have been widely used
                      in industry as non-destructivetesting methods for industrial
                      quality control and to assess the safety and integrity of
                      structuresand components. These techniques use reasonably
                      intense, artificial radiation sources (smallaccelerators or
                      sealed isotopic sources) in laboratories and at industrial
                      sites. Muonradiography, which is based on cosmic rays, is an
                      alternative for certain applications that doesnot require
                      artificial sources of ionizing radiation, and so is without
                      regulatory constraints.High energy primary cosmic ray
                      particles (mainly protons) interact with the nuclei
                      composingthe Earth’s upper atmosphere to produce copious
                      numbers of charged pi-mesons, which decayinto muons. Muons
                      are similar to electrons in that they are elementary
                      particles but withapproximately 200 times the mass. They
                      interact with matter mainly through electromagneticforce and
                      are easily capable of reaching the Earth’s surface. All
                      other high energy chargedparticles, as well as gamma rays,
                      are effectively shielded by the atmosphere so that
                      muonsrepresent the vast majority of charged cosmic rays at
                      the Earth’s surface.Some muons can penetrate hundreds of
                      metres of rock and so can be used as a highlypenetrating,
                      non-destructive natural probe. Muons can be readily used for
                      imaging in situationswhere days or more of exposure time are
                      available. Various techniques have been developedthat aim to
                      measure the attenuation, transmission or scattering of the
                      muon flux. Using these,information concerning the
                      composition and dimensions of the materials encountered can
                      beestimated.Numerous potential applications have been
                      identified — ranging from examination of modernand ancient
                      built environments, volcanology and industry, to nuclear
                      security and safeguards— that have attracted attention
                      around the world. This international interest led to a
                      TechnicalMeeting held in Vienna in 2019, which was attended
                      by 28 participants from 14 Member Statesand a representative
                      from the European Commission. This publication is the output
                      of thatmeeting.},
      cin          = {IEK-6},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-6-20101013},
      pnm          = {1411 - Nuclear Waste Disposal (POF4-141) / Neu- und
                      Weiterentwicklung von Konzepten, Methoden und Techniken für
                      die internationale Kernmaterialüberwachung, insbesondere im
                      Rahmen der nuklearen Entsorgung (SAFEGUARDS-3) (02W6279)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1411 / G:(BMWi)02W6279},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1021891},
}