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@INPROCEEDINGS{Hettwer:1022112,
      author       = {Hettwer, Meike and Valk, Sofie and Eickhoff, Simon and
                      Dorfschmidt, Lena and Bethlehem, Richard},
      title        = {{S}ystem-level cortical maturation links to adolescent
                      resilience to adverse life events},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-01233},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Introduction: Adolescence is a period of increased brain
                      reorganization that is essential to biological and
                      psychosocial maturation, but also to mental health (Paus et
                      al., 2008). Normative adolescent brain maturation as
                      captured via neuroimaging follows two main modes: 1)
                      conservative strengthening of initially strong connections,
                      or 2) disruptive remodeling, i.e. strengthening of initially
                      weak connections and vice versa (Váša et al., 2020). While
                      adverse experiences and psychopathological processes can
                      alter maturational trajectories (Stenson et al., 2021),
                      adolescent reorganization may also hold potential for
                      flexible adaptation to risk factors. Thus, normative
                      maturation facilitating psychosocial skills may also aid
                      well-being through resilience to adversity.Methods: We
                      analyzed age-related changes in microstructural profile
                      covariance (MPC; Fig. 1A) and resting-state functional
                      connectivity (FC; Fig. 1B) in a longitudinal cohort of
                      individuals aged 14-26 (n=295; 512 scans; $50.8\%$ female).
                      MPC reflects inter-regional similarity of intracortical
                      profiles based on myelin-sensitive magnetic transfer (MT)
                      data sampled at ten cortical depths. We first identified
                      maturational modes by correlating the whole-brain MPC and FC
                      patterns of each region at age 14 with the age-related
                      changes of these patterns (14-26y; computed via edge-wise
                      linear mixed effect models; Fig. 1C). Positive correlations
                      indicate conservative and negative correlations disruptive
                      development (FDR<0.05). Next, we investigated whether
                      observed maturational patterns may contribute to resilience
                      to adverse life events. From the total cohort, we drew a
                      sub-sample (n=281) of individuals who reported adverse life
                      experiences in the past 18 months. Conceptualizing
                      resilience as adaptation to adversity, individuals were
                      matched based on their adversity load and allocated to
                      either high (n=88) or low resilient (n=89) groups based on
                      reported well-being scores (top or bottom $33\%,$
                      respectively; Fig. 2A). Structural and functional brain
                      maturational modes were contrasted between the two groups
                      via Fisher’s z differences.Results: Our work describes
                      topologically heterogeneous patterns of structural and
                      functional maturational modes (Fig. 1D) and differential
                      associations with resilience. We observed disruptive
                      development of MPC in frontal and parietal cortical areas,
                      and conservative development in sensory, paralimbic,
                      temporal and medial frontal regions. Linking structure to
                      function, we found parallel conservative development in
                      regions involved in sensory- and attention-related
                      processes. Default mode and frontoparietal networks showed
                      both cross-modal disruptive rewiring and a
                      structure-function divergence, in which structure showed
                      conservative but function disruptive developmental patterns
                      (Fig. 1E). Last, we found that individuals who maintain
                      better well-being after exposure to adverse life events
                      showed overall less conservative and more disruptive
                      functional maturational patterns, indicating increased
                      functional network rewiring during development. Effects were
                      smaller for structural patterns and suggested a potential
                      benefit of disruptive MPC development only in regions where
                      change occurs in parallel with functional change (Fig.
                      2B).Conclusion: Our longitudinal findings show overlapping
                      but distinct patterns of structural and functional
                      reorganization during adolescence. Cross-modal cortical
                      transformations and structure-function decoupling in
                      maturational modes were observed in association and
                      paralimbic cortex, which are known to show protracted
                      plasticity associated with both sociocognitive refinement
                      and psychopathological alterations (Sydnor et al., 2021).
                      Our findings suggest that brain remodeling throughout
                      adolescence is especially pronounced in individuals showing
                      better adaptation to adverse life events, and may thus
                      facilitate resilience. This observation is in line with
                      current psychological constructs of resilience as an
                      adaptive, flexible process (Kalisch et al., 2017).},
      month         = {Jul},
      date          = {2023-07-22},
      organization  = {Organization for Human Brain Mapping,
                       Montreal (Canada), 22 Jul 2023 - 26 Jul
                       2023},
      subtyp        = {Other},
      cin          = {INM-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-7-20090406},
      pnm          = {5251 - Multilevel Brain Organization and Variability
                      (POF4-525) / 5253 - Neuroimaging (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5251 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5253},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1022112},
}