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@ARTICLE{Trinchero:1023830,
      author       = {Trinchero, Paolo and Zou, Liangchao and de La Iglesia,
                      Miquel and Iraola, Aitor and Bruines, Patrick and Deissmann,
                      Guido},
      title        = {{E}xperimental and numerical analysis of flow through a
                      natural rough fracture subject to normal loading},
      journal      = {Scientific reports},
      volume       = {14},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2045-2322},
      address      = {[London]},
      publisher    = {Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-01832},
      pages        = {5587},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Fractured crystalline rocks have been chosen or are under
                      consideration by several countries as hostrock formations
                      for deep geological repositories for spent nuclear fuel. In
                      such geological formations,flow and solute transport are
                      mostly controlled by a network of connected natural
                      fractures, eachof them being characterised by internal
                      heterogeneity, also denoted as roughness. Fractures are,
                      inturn, subject to variable load caused by various factors,
                      such as the presence of thick ice sheets formedduring
                      glaciation periods. Understanding how coupled
                      hydro-mechanical (HM) processes affect flowand transport at
                      the scale of a single natural fracture is crucial for a
                      robust parameterisation of largescalediscrete fracture
                      network models, which are not only used for nuclear waste
                      disposal applicationsbut are also of interest to problems
                      related to geothermics, oil and gas production or
                      groundwaterremediation. In this work, we analyse and model
                      an HM experiment carried out in a single naturalfracture and
                      use the results of both, the experimental and the modelling
                      work, to get insights intofundamental questions such as the
                      applicability of local cubic law or the effect of normal
                      load onchanneling. The initial fracture aperture was
                      obtained from laser scanning of the two fracture surfacesand
                      an equivalent initial aperture was then defined by moving
                      the two fracture surfaces togetherand comparing the results
                      obtained using a Navier–Stokes based computational fluid
                      dynamics (CFD)model with the experimental flowrate obtained
                      for unloaded conditions. The mechanical effect of
                      thedifferent loading stages was simulated using a
                      high-resolution contact model. The different
                      computedfracture apertures were then used to run groundwater
                      flow simulations using a modified Reynoldsequation. The
                      results show that, without correction, local cubic law
                      largely overestimates flowrates.Instead, we show that by
                      explicitly acknowledging the difference between the
                      mechanical apertureand the hydraulic aperture and setting
                      the latter equal to 1/5 of the former, cubic law provides a
                      veryreasonable approximation of the experimental flowrates
                      over the entire loading cycle. A positivecorrelation between
                      fluid flow channeling and normal load is also found.},
      cin          = {IEK-6},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-6-20101013},
      pnm          = {1411 - Nuclear Waste Disposal (POF4-141)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1411},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {38454042},
      UT           = {WOS:001185083700095},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41598-024-55751-w},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1023830},
}