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@ARTICLE{Feldmann:1023896,
      author       = {Feldmann, Sina and Adrian, Juliane and Boltes, Maik},
      title        = {{P}ropagation of controlled frontward impulses through
                      standing crowds},
      journal      = {Collective dynamics},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {A148},
      issn         = {2366-8539},
      address      = {[Jülich]},
      publisher    = {[Forschungszentrum Jülich]},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-01882},
      pages        = {1-17},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Impulse propagation in crowds is a phenomenon that is
                      crucial for understanding collective dynamics, but has been
                      scarcely addressed so far. Therefore, we have carried out
                      experiments in which persons standing in a crowd are pushed
                      forward in a controlled manner. Variations of experimental
                      parameters include (i) the intensity of the push, (ii) the
                      initial inter-person distance, (iii) the preparedness of
                      participants and (iv) the crowd formation. Our analysis
                      links the intensity of an impulse recorded by a pressure
                      sensor with individual movements of participants based on
                      head trajectories recorded by overhead cameras and 3D motion
                      capturing data.The propagation distance as well as the
                      propagation speed of the external impact depends mainly on
                      the intensity of the impulse, whereas no significant effect
                      regarding the preparedness of participants could be found.
                      Especially the propagation speed is influenced by the
                      initial inter-person distance. From the comparison between
                      two methods that detect the time of motion due to the
                      impulse, a more sensitive result is obtained when the
                      velocity of three landmarks of the human body is taken into
                      account and not only the forward displacement of the center
                      of mass. Furthermore, the more intertwined participants are
                      in relation to each other, the more the impulse is
                      distributed to the sides. As a result, more people are
                      affected, however with smaller individual displacements.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      ddc          = {380},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / CrowdDNA -
                      TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMPUTER-ASSISTED CROWD MANAGEMENT
                      (899739)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(EU-Grant)899739},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.17815/CD.2024.148},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1023896},
}