% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Pan:1024266,
      author       = {Pan, Laura L. and Atlas, Elliot L. and Honomichl, Shawn B.
                      and Smith, Warren P. and Kinnison, Douglas E. and Solomon,
                      Susan and Santee, Michelle L. and Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso and
                      Laube, Johannes C. and Wang, Bin and Ueyama, Rei and Bresch,
                      James F. and Hornbrook, Rebecca S. and Apel, Eric C. and
                      Hills, Alan J. and Treadaway, Victoria and Smith, Katie and
                      Schauffler, Sue and Donnelly, Stephen and Hendershot, Roger
                      and Lueb, Richard and Campos, Teresa and Viciani, Silvia and
                      D’Amato, Francesco and Bianchini, Giovanni and Barucci,
                      Marco and Podolske, James R. and Iraci, Laura T. and
                      Gurganus, Colin and Bui, Paul and Dean-Day, Jonathan M. and
                      Millán, Luis and Ryoo, Ju-Mee and Barletta, Barbara and
                      Koo, Ja-Ho and Kim, Joowan and Liang, Qing and Randel,
                      William J. and Thornberry, Troy and Newman, Paul A.},
      title        = {{E}ast {A}sian summer monsoon delivers large abundances of
                      very short-lived organic chlorine substances to the lower
                      stratosphere},
      journal      = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
                      United States of America},
      volume       = {121},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {0027-8424},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {National Acad. of Sciences},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02073},
      pages        = {e2318716121},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Deep convection in the Asian summer monsoon is a
                      significant transport process for lifting pollutants from
                      the planetary boundary layer to the tropopause level. This
                      process enables efficient injection into the stratosphere of
                      reactive species such as chlorinated very short-lived
                      substances (Cl-VSLSs) that deplete ozone. Past studies of
                      convective transport associated with the Asian summer
                      monsoon have focused mostly on the south Asian summer
                      monsoon. Airborne observations reported in this work
                      identify the East Asian summer monsoon convection as an
                      effective transport pathway that carried record-breaking
                      levels of ozone-depleting Cl-VSLSs (mean organic chlorine
                      from these VSLSs ~500 ppt) to the base of the stratosphere.
                      These unique observations show total organic chlorine from
                      VSLSs in the lower stratosphere over the Asian monsoon
                      tropopause to be more than twice that previously reported
                      over the tropical tropopause. Considering the recently
                      observed increase in Cl-VSLS emissions and the ongoing
                      strengthening of the East Asian summer monsoon under global
                      warming, our results highlight that a reevaluation of the
                      contribution of Cl-VSLS injection via the Asian monsoon to
                      the total stratospheric chlorine budget is warranted.The
                      Asian summer monsoon (ASM), a significant element of the
                      climate system, has been studied as a regional weather
                      pattern for centuries. Only in recent decades has its role
                      in global constituent transport been recognized, largely
                      owing to observations made from satellites (1). The ASM is
                      of particular interest because its associated deep
                      convective systems rapidly transport air masses from the
                      planetary boundary layer (PBL) in one of the most polluted
                      regions on the planet to the upper troposphere and lower
                      stratosphere (UTLS). An annually recurring layer with a
                      distinct chemical signature and aerosol composition forms at
                      the tropopause level within the ASM UTLS anticyclone during
                      boreal summer (2–5). Detailed information on the chemical
                      and microphysical changes in the UTLS induced by this
                      annually recurring transport process is necessary for the
                      accurate representation of the role of the ASM in
                      chemistry-climate models. Targeted measurements using
                      high-altitude research aircraft, in addition to ground-based
                      and balloon-borne observations, provide data essential for
                      understanding physical processes and constraining
                      chemistry-climate models. Two prior experiments provided
                      valuable measurements of trace gases and aerosols in the
                      region of the ASM anticyclone (6–8). The Asian summer
                      monsoon Chemical and Climate Impact Project (ACCLIP), a
                      field campaign conducted in summer 2022 using two
                      high-altitude aircraft, the NSF National Center for
                      Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Gulfstream V (GV) and the NASA
                      WB-57, represents the latest large-scale effort of this
                      kind. The ACCLIP campaign conducted a total of 29 research
                      flights over the northwestern Pacific from July 31 to
                      September 1, 2022, from an airbase in the Republic of Korea
                      (see SI Appendix, Fig. S1 for flight tracks). The flights
                      sampled air masses lofted by convection both inside and near
                      the eastern edge of the ASM anticyclone. The observations
                      include a large suite of trace gases and aerosols, mostly at
                      altitudes between 12 and 19 km above sea level (asl), a
                      layer not accessible by commercial aircraft. The data
                      represent the largest set of in situ atmospheric composition
                      measurements in the ASM region (see SI Appendix for further
                      details).The ASM system has two distinct components, the
                      South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) and the East Asian summer
                      monsoon (EASM). These components are controlled by different
                      heat sources and respond differently to global warming. The
                      circulation of the EASM is projected to strengthen while
                      that of the SASM is projected to weaken, although both
                      systems are projected to have increased precipitation due to
                      increased moisture content (9). The schematic in Fig. 1A
                      shows the key elements of the two subcomponents,
                      highlighting two convergence zones: the Monsoon Trough and
                      the East Asia Subtropical Front. Up to now, the SASM has
                      been considered the dominant process for injecting PBL air
                      masses into the ASM anticyclone at the tropopause level (6,
                      10–13). The Monsoon Trough was identified as the central
                      region for convective lofting of PBL air masses (13). A key
                      outcome of ACCLIP is the identification of the EASM
                      convection as a more impactful transport pathway for UTLS
                      chemical composition and stratospheric ozone chemistry than
                      previously considered.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {38483991},
      UT           = {WOS:001208967600002},
      doi          = {10.1073/pnas.2318716121},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1024266},
}