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@ARTICLE{Gago:1024564,
      author       = {Gago, M. and Kreter, A. and Unterberg, B. and Wirtz, M.},
      title        = {{S}ynergistic and separate effects of plasma and transient
                      heat loads on the microstructure and physical properties of
                      {ITER}-grade tungsten},
      journal      = {Physica scripta},
      volume       = {96},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {0031-8949},
      address      = {Stockholm},
      publisher    = {The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02240},
      pages        = {124052 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Once ITER commences full power operation, the ITER divertor
                      will be exposed to high thermal and particle loads. Tungsten
                      was chosen as plasma facing material for the ITER divertor.
                      It is, therefore, of the utmost importance to understand the
                      behavior of ITER-grade tungsten under conditions similar to
                      those it will have to withstand inside the reactor. In this
                      study, ITER-grade tungsten samples were exposed to
                      stationary $D/He(6\%)$ plasma and ELM-like transient heat
                      loads in the linear plasma device PSI-2. The effects of each
                      kind of load was first studied separately, and the
                      synergistic effects obtained when exposed to both loads
                      simultaneously were then analyzed. Additionally, the
                      hardness of a recrystallized tungsten sample after exposure
                      to simultaneous loads was tested via nanoindentation. The
                      results indicate that hydrogen and helium embrittlement
                      worsens the cracking behavior of the material when exposed
                      to the simultaneous loads compared to only heat loads.
                      Additionally, bubbles of up to 1 μm are formed under the
                      surface due to the synergistic effects at the highest heat
                      load. The nanoindentation tests showed that plasma and heat
                      loads increase the hardness of the material by $39\%,$ but
                      only plasma loads appeared to have no effect on it.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Plasma-Wand-Wechselwirkung (POF4-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000714220400001},
      doi          = {10.1088/1402-4896/ac326c},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1024564},
}