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@ARTICLE{Koltermann:1024567,
      author       = {Koltermann, Lucas and Jacqué, Kevin and Figgener, Jan and
                      Zurmühlen, Sebastian and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{O}perational {V}alidation of a {P}ower {D}istribution
                      {A}lgorithm for a {M}odular {M}egawatt {B}attery {S}torage
                      {S}ystem},
      journal      = {Batteries $\&$ supercaps},
      volume       = {6},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {2566-6223},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02243},
      pages        = {e202200414},
      year         = {2023},
      note         = {Zudem unterstützt durch das BMWK Projekt EMMUseBat
                      (FundingCode:03EI4034)},
      abstract     = {Large-scale battery storage systems have become popular for
                      various grid services in recent years. A worldwide market
                      growth for battery storage has led to increased competition
                      in several grid service markets. Modular large-scale battery
                      storage systems require a safe, highly available, and
                      intelligent energy management system (EMS) in order to be
                      economically competitive. One component of this EMS is the
                      control for distributing the power requests between
                      individual battery units of the large-scale battery storage
                      system. As the EMS is usually undisclosed intellectual
                      property of the system manufacturers, there is only little
                      information on real-world operation available. To
                      contribute, we present a rule-based power distribution
                      algorithm (SPDA) in this paper and validate it through field
                      tests on a 6 MW/7.5 MWh system that is providing
                      frequency containment reserve to the German power grid. The
                      results show that especially when combining different
                      battery technologies, the SPDA can exploit individual
                      technological strengths. In this way, the state of charge of
                      the batteries, energy throughput and power load of the
                      batteries can be controlled to extend the lifetime.
                      Moreover, the SPDA managed to shift nearly $80 \%$ of the
                      energy throughput to one battery unit to protect less cyclic
                      stable batteries and make use of the advantage of cyclic
                      stable battery technologies, while fulfilling all grid
                      service requirements. By shifting those large quantities of
                      the energy throughput to more cyclic stable battery units,
                      the large-scale battery storage system experienced in sum up
                      to $45 \%$ less cyclic aging with the SPDA than with a
                      symmetrical power distribution algorithm. Furthermore, the
                      operational efficiency of a large-scale battery storage
                      system can be significantly improved via additional software
                      adaptations of the power distribution, depending on the
                      system layout.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122) / BMWK-03ESP265F
                      - M5BAT: Modularer multi-Megawatt multi-Technologie
                      Mittelspannungsbatteriespeicher; Teilvorhaben: Entwicklung
                      von Li-Ionen Batterien, Monitoring und Erstellung eines
                      Designhandbuchs (BMWK-03ESP265F)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223 / G:(DE-82)BMWK-03ESP265F},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000910591400001},
      doi          = {10.1002/batt.202200414},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1024567},
}