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@ARTICLE{Koltermann:1024568,
      author       = {Koltermann, Lucas and Celi Cortés, Mauricio and Figgener,
                      Jan and Zurmühlen, Sebastian and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{I}mproved rule-based power distribution algorithm for
                      hybrid battery storage systems and real-world validation},
      journal      = {Journal of energy storage},
      volume       = {86},
      number       = {Part B},
      issn         = {2352-152X},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02244},
      pages        = {111360 -},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) can serve
                      many applications and are already widely used for grid
                      services. The rapidly growing BESS market and the recent
                      interest in their deployment accentuate the need for safe,
                      reliable, and highly available energy management systems
                      (EMS) for automated control. However, the EMS and their
                      integrated power distribution algorithms (PDA) can still be
                      optimized to adapt various characteristics of the BESS. This
                      study investigates a new version of a PDA with a particular
                      focus on battery aging and system efficiency. The rule-based
                      PDA has been validated on a 6 MW/7.5 MWh BESS system with
                      five battery technologies providing frequency containment
                      reserve to the German power grid. The results underline the
                      PDA's capability to exploit the individual strengths of each
                      battery technology. The PDA sets objectives for the state of
                      charge, energy throughput, and power of the batteries to
                      extend battery life. The distribution of energy throughputs
                      among batteries can be selected in advance through the new
                      implementation of the PDA. At the same time, the inverters
                      are significantly less often activated and used in the
                      optimal efficiency range, increasing the overall system
                      efficiency to approximately 82 $\%.$ The optimized switching
                      behavior leads to less frequent power switching between
                      individual battery units and longer phases with more
                      constant power. In addition, the operational efficiency of
                      BESS can be improved by the choice of battery technology and
                      the overall system layout on the hardware side. The
                      improvements on the software side are only possible by
                      increasing the overall power requests through multi-use
                      operation by about 6 $\%$ compared to our benchmark test.
                      The results can be used by BESS operators to increase
                      operational profits due to longer battery life and fewer
                      efficiency losses.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122) / BMWK-03ESP265F
                      - M5BAT: Modularer multi-Megawatt multi-Technologie
                      Mittelspannungsbatteriespeicher; Teilvorhaben: Entwicklung
                      von Li-Ionen Batterien, Monitoring und Erstellung eines
                      Designhandbuchs (BMWK-03ESP265F) / BMBF 03EI4034 -
                      Einzelvorhaben: EMMUseBat - Entwicklung von Methoden für
                      den Multi-Use-Betrieb von modularen Batteriegroßspeichern
                      im Mittelspannungsnetz (BMBF-03EI4034)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223 / G:(DE-82)BMWK-03ESP265F /
                      G:(DE-82)BMBF-03EI4034},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001221134900001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.est.2024.111360},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1024568},
}