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@ARTICLE{Vahnstiege:1024775,
      author       = {Vahnstiege, Marc and Winter, Martin and Nowak, Sascha and
                      Wiemers-Meyer, Simon},
      title        = {{S}tate-of-charge of individual active material particles
                      in lithium ion batteries: a perspective of analytical
                      techniques and their capabilities},
      journal      = {Physical chemistry, chemical physics},
      volume       = {25},
      number       = {36},
      issn         = {1463-9076},
      address      = {Cambridge},
      publisher    = {RSC Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02441},
      pages        = {24278 - 24286},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {The state-of-charge (SOC) is an essential parameter for
                      battery management systems to reflect and monitor the
                      remaining capacity of individual battery cells. In addition
                      to its application at the cell level, the SOC also plays an
                      important role in the investigation of redox processes of
                      cathode active materials (CAMs) in lithium ion batteries
                      (LIBs) during electrochemical cycling. These processes can
                      be influenced by a large variety of factors such as active
                      material properties, inhomogeneities of the electrode,
                      degradation phenomena and the charge/discharge protocol
                      during cycling. Consequently, non-uniform redox reactions
                      can occur, resulting in charge heterogeneities of the active
                      material. This heterogeneity can translate into accelerated
                      aging of the CAM and a reduction in reversible capacity of
                      the battery cell, since the active material is not fully
                      utilized. To understand and monitor the SOC heterogeneity at
                      the mesoscale, a wide range of techniques have been
                      implemented in the past. In this perspective an overview of
                      current state-of-the-art techniques to evaluate charge
                      heterogeneities of CAMs in LIBs is presented. Therefore,
                      techniques which utilize synchrotron radiation like X-ray
                      absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and transmission
                      X-ray spectroscopy (TXM) are presented as well as Raman
                      spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass
                      spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Next to these established
                      techniques, classification single particle inductively
                      coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (CL-SP-ICP-OES)
                      as a new approach is also discussed in this perspective. For
                      these techniques, the areas of application, advantages as
                      well as drawbacks are highlighted and discussed.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1221 - Fundamentals and Materials (POF4-122) / BMBF
                      03XP0349A - E-FloA - Elektrolyt-Floating-Analyse an
                      Lithium-Ionen-Zellen mit dem Ziel der Quantifizierung der
                      Elektrolytdegradation und Deckschichtbildung
                      (BMBF-03XP0349A)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1221 / G:(DE-82)BMBF-03XP0349A},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {37681262},
      UT           = {WOS:001060310300001},
      doi          = {10.1039/D3CP02932H},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1024775},
}