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@ARTICLE{Hecht:1024904,
      author       = {Hecht, Christopher and Figgener, Jan and Li, Xiaohui and
                      Zhang, Lei and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{S}tandard {L}oad {P}rofiles for {E}lectric {V}ehicle
                      {C}harging {S}tations in {G}ermany {B}ased on
                      {R}epresentative, {E}mpirical {D}ata},
      journal      = {Energies},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1996-1073},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02554},
      pages        = {2619 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Electric vehicles are becoming dominant in the global
                      automobile market due to their better environmental
                      friendliness compared to internal combustion vehicles. An
                      adequate network of public charging stations is required to
                      fulfil the fast charging demands of EV users. Knowing the
                      shape and amplitude of their power curves is essential for
                      power purchase planning and grid capacity sizing. Based on a
                      large-scale empirical and representative dataset, this paper
                      creates standard load profiles for various power levels,
                      station sizes, and operating environments. It is found that
                      the average power per charge point increases with rated
                      station power, particularly for a rated power above 100 kW,
                      and decreases with the number of charge points per station
                      for AC chargers. For AC chargers, it is revealed how the
                      shape of the power curve largely depends on the environment
                      of a station, with urban settings experiencing the highest
                      average power of 0.71 kW on average leading to an annual
                      energy sale of 6.2 MWh. These findings show that the rated
                      grid capacity can be well below the sum of the rated power
                      of each charge point.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000968401500001},
      doi          = {10.3390/en16062619},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1024904},
}