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@INPROCEEDINGS{Kunz:1025003,
      author       = {Kunz, Felix and Peters, Roland and Schäfer, Dominik and
                      Zhang, Shidong and Kruse, Nicolas and de Haart, L. G. J. and
                      Vibhu, Vaibhav and Eichel, Rudiger-A and Menzler, Norbert H.
                      and Lenser, Christian and Naumenko, D. and Kadyk, Thomas and
                      Margaritis, N. and Gross-Barsnick, Sonja},
      title        = {{P}rogress in {R}esearch and {D}evelopment of {S}olid
                      {O}xide {C}ells, {S}tacks and {S}ystems at
                      {F}orschungszentrum {J}ülich},
      issn         = {2151-2043},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02597},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {The defossilization of the energy sector requires the
                      transfer of sustainable, carbon-neutral technologies and
                      processes into application. Along with the development of a
                      global hydrogen economy, technologies that generate, store,
                      distribute and use hydrogen and derivatives are particularly
                      relevant. Considerable potential in this sense is offered by
                      the solid oxide cell (SOC), which can be operated as a fuel
                      cell (SOFC), as an electrolysis cell (SOEC) and reversible
                      (rSOC). Forschungszentrum Jülich has been involved in the
                      research and development of SOCs for more than 30 years. In
                      addition to material and cell development, stack and system
                      development and understanding degradation effects are among
                      the main topics today.Recently, an rSOC system with an
                      output power of 10kW in fuel cell mode and input power of
                      40kW in electrolysis mode was developed. Four SOC stacks,
                      separated and surrounded by a total of five heating plates
                      plus an air preheater at one end and a fuel preheater at the
                      other end, form the Integrated Module of the system; each
                      stack has 20 layers with an active cell area of 19x19 cm².
                      A compact and optimized design could be realized, which
                      achieves a system efficiency of 63.3 $\%$ and 71.1 $\%$ in
                      fuel cell mode and electrolysis mode, respectively. The
                      system has already been tested in stationary operation
                      modes. Current developments focus on the operating strategy,
                      in particular on the temperature control of the stack in
                      fuel cell mode and during the transient operation of the
                      system.With a focus on the SOC stack, progress was made both
                      in the area of actual stack development and in the area of
                      clarification and optimization of performance and lifetime
                      relevant processes. The role of contaminants, foremost
                      silicon species and sulfur dioxide in feed gases, was
                      investigated to support technical applications. Headway was
                      also made in applying advanced measuring technology like
                      fibre-optic sensors for temperature measurements in air
                      channels. Degradation processes were investigated both
                      experimentally and simulatively in fuel cells as well as in
                      steam and co-electrolysis operation. On the one hand,
                      machine learning approaches were pursued to analyze
                      degradational patterns in SOC stacks, utilizing a
                      specifically consolidated and curated set of long-term
                      experiments and EIS measurements. On the other hand, a
                      multiphysical stack model was developed that allows the
                      relevant physical processes within the stack to be analyzed
                      individually and coupled and thus to optimize the overall
                      operation of the stack.In the area of the development and
                      investigation of cells and materials, the performance of the
                      SOC in the fuel cell mode as well as in the electrolysis
                      mode was in the focus. In addition to operation in steam and
                      co-electrolysis modes, operation in pure CO2 electrolysis
                      was also researched. On single cell level the degradation
                      behavior in the different modes of electrolysis operation
                      was investigated. Different alternative materials were
                      examined both on the fuel side and on the air side as well.
                      A hierarchical degradation model framework was developed
                      that relates changes at the level of electrode particles to
                      changes in electrode structure, resulting materials
                      properties and overall lifetime-performance. Model-based
                      diagnostic allows the extraction of model parameters from
                      experimental data, model verification as well as
                      identification and quantification of different degradation
                      mechanisms.Overall, therefore, significant progress can be
                      observed in the field of cell as well as in the field of
                      stack and system development of SOCs in fuel cell,
                      electrolysis and reversible operation at Forschungszentrum
                      Jülich.},
      month         = {May},
      date          = {2023-05-28},
      organization  = {243rd ECS Meeting, Boston (USA), 28
                       May 2023 - 2 Jun 2023},
      cin          = {IEK-14 / IEK-9 / IEK-1 / IEK-2 / IEK-13 / ZEA-1},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-13-20190226 / I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-1-20090406},
      pnm          = {1231 - Electrochemistry for Hydrogen (POF4-123)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)1},
      doi          = {10.1149/MA2023-0154257mtgabs},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1025003},
}