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@ARTICLE{Degen:1025012,
      author       = {Degen, F. and Winter, M. and Bendig, D. and Tübke, J.},
      title        = {{E}nergy consumption of current and future production of
                      lithium-ion and post lithium-ion battery cells},
      journal      = {Nature energy},
      volume       = {8},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {2058-7546},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02606},
      pages        = {1284 - 1295},
      year         = {2023},
      note         = {Gefördert durch BMBF Projekt: 03XP0256},
      abstract     = {Due to the rapidly increasing demand for electric vehicles,
                      the need for battery cells is also increasing considerably.
                      However, the production of battery cells requires enormous
                      amounts of energy, which is expensive and produces
                      greenhouse gas emissions. Here, by combining data from
                      literature and from own research, we analyse how much energy
                      lithium-ion battery (LIB) and post lithium-ion battery
                      (PLIB) cell production requires on cell and macro-economic
                      levels, currently and in the future (until 2040). On the
                      cell level, we find that PLIB cells require less energy than
                      LIB cells per produced cell energy. On the macro-economic
                      level, we find that the energy consumption for the global
                      production of LIB and PLIB cells will be 130,000 GWh if no
                      measures are taken. Yet, it is possible to optimize future
                      production and save up to $66\%$ of this energy demand.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {330},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1221 - Fundamentals and Materials (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1221},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001074834300001},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41560-023-01355-z},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1025012},
}