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@ARTICLE{Gercek:1025078,
      author       = {Gercek, Candeniz and Börner, Markus and Winter, Martin},
      title        = {{E}nabling the {P}roduction of {H}omogeneous {H}igh-{L}oad
                      {P}ositive {E}lectrodes by {T}ailoring the {E}lectrode
                      {F}ormulation – a {C}onductive {A}dditive and {S}olvent
                      {A}pproach},
      journal      = {Meeting abstracts},
      volume       = {MA2023-01},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1091-8213},
      address      = {Pennington, NJ},
      publisher    = {Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02666},
      pages        = {532 - 532},
      year         = {2023},
      note         = {Hierbei handelt es sich lediglich um einen Abstract.},
      abstract     = {The automotive industry experiences a substantial change
                      due to electrification of major parts of the transportation
                      system by using lithium ion batteries (LIBs). To facilitate
                      this transition, low cost and high energy density LIBs
                      produced under the most sustainable conditions possible are
                      required. These objectives are amongst others strongly
                      related with the positive electrode. Thus, in order to
                      achieve enhanced energy densities on cell level, the
                      application of high-load positive electrodes for various
                      cell systems ranging from lithium ion to lithium metal
                      batteries is inevitable. However, to ensure high lithium ion
                      mobility within thick composite electrodes and to obtain
                      maximized capacity utilization, it is crucial to tailor the
                      electrode microstructure. With regard to the production,
                      detrimental effects like binder-migration can occur upon
                      drying of thick electrodes inducing inhomogeneous
                      distribution of binder and conductive additive within the
                      electrode coating. Beyond that, the effect of lateral
                      coating shrinkage resulting in electrode cracking during
                      drying plays an increasingly significant role with
                      increasing electrode thickness.The application of high solid
                      contents (SC) during electrode paste processing can widely
                      suppress the effects of binder migration and crack
                      formation.[1,2] However, elevated SCs result in increasing
                      paste viscosities leading to practical limitations for
                      homogeneous electrode coating. By using nano-scale and
                      micro-scale spherical, linear and three-dimensional
                      conductive additives like carbon microfibers (CMF) or
                      conductive graphite (CG) in addition to carbon black (CB),
                      the adjustment of an appropriate paste viscosity can be
                      facilitated. The addition of more carbonaceous additives
                      acting as conductive additive as well as processing additive
                      resolves the rheological requirements for an electrode paste
                      with $80\%$ SC and significantly influences the pore
                      structure of the electrode. Thus, tailoring active and
                      inactive components is crucial to enable processing of high
                      SC electrode pastes with an appropriate viscosity in
                      conjunction with the production of thick electrodes
                      exhibiting an optimized pore structure benefiting the
                      electrochemical performance. The additional introduction of
                      carbon nanotubes (CNTs) leads to the formation of segregated
                      networks providing more stability within the electrode and a
                      favorable electrode microstructure. Moreover, the use of
                      CNTs benefits the electrochemical performance by immensely
                      boosting electronic conductivity resulting in higher rate
                      capability and increased capacity retention. The various
                      electrode formulations containing up to three different
                      conductive additives were compared to the benchmark
                      formulation without further additives in terms of electronic
                      conductivity, adhesion, pore structure and electrochemical
                      performance. Different electrode formulations were
                      investigated and compared regarding the composite electrode
                      adhesion strength, electronic conductivity, microstructure
                      and electrochemical performance over 400 cycles in a coin
                      cell setup with a graphitic negative electrode. However, the
                      optimized formulation containing CNTs enables the production
                      of thick positive electrodes exhibiting significantly higher
                      areal capacities up to 8 mAh cm-2 with superior
                      electrochemical properties and higher content of active
                      material in the formulation resulting in higher energy
                      densities on cell level. In a next step, the state-of-art
                      processing solvent N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidon (NMP) was targeted
                      with the goal of replacing NMP with a non-toxic solvent. The
                      influence of a co-solvent on the electrode paste viscosity
                      was investigated to further increase the SC, lower
                      production costs and enable improved environmental
                      benignity.A comprehensive study on tailoring the
                      rheological, structural and electrochemical properties by
                      processing additives is presented. The increase of the SC to
                      $80\%$ is a first step towards the reduction of the ecologic
                      and economic footprint for LIB production while
                      simultaneously enabling electrodes with high areal
                      capacities exhibiting increased rate capability and capacity
                      retention enabled by the addition of CNTs.[1] J. Seeba, S.
                      Reuber, C. Heubner, A. Müller-Köhn, M. Wolter, A.
                      Michaelis, Chemical Engineering Journal Volume 402, 2020,
                      125551.[2] L. Ibing, T. Gallasch, P. Schneider, P. Niehoff,
                      A. Hintennach, M. Winter, F. M. Schappacher, Journal of
                      Power Sources 423, 2019, 183–191.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1221 - Fundamentals and Materials (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1221},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1149/MA2023-012532mtgabs},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1025078},
}