% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Alsheimer:1025079,
      author       = {Alsheimer, Lennart and Peschel, Christoph and Dienwiebel,
                      Iris and Winter, Martin and Börner, Markus},
      title        = {{S}uppressing {G}as {E}volution in {L}i 4 {T}i 5 {O} 12
                      ||{L}i{N}i 1/3 {C}o 1/3 {M}n 1/3 {O} 2 {P}ouch {C}ells {B}y
                      {H}igh {T}emperature {F}ormation},
      journal      = {Meeting abstracts},
      volume       = {MA2023-01},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1091-8213},
      address      = {Pennington, NJ},
      publisher    = {Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02667},
      pages        = {627 - 627},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {The increasing demands for a wide range of lithium-ion
                      battery (LIB) applications requires the development of both
                      improved high-energy as well as high-power systems. However,
                      for high-power applications, the performance and thermal
                      stability window of most commercial LIB systems is very
                      limited. To meet these requirements, the spinel-type active
                      material Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is a very prominent candidate as an
                      alternative to conventionally used graphite as a negative
                      active material for LIBs. However, despite the excellent
                      lifetime and safety properties of LTO [1], its
                      commercialization is still hindered by severe gas evolution
                      during cyclic and calendar aging [2,3].This study
                      demonstrates that elevated temperatures during the formation
                      procedure do not only suppress gas evolution upon subsequent
                      charge/discharge cycling but also have a positive impact on
                      the specific discharge capacity and rate capability. It was
                      shown by same-spot SEM investigations that higher formation
                      temperatures lead to the formation of a homogeneous
                      decomposition layer over the entire electrode surface area.
                      Volume measurements of the cells showed, that an increase in
                      formation temperature is furthermore associated with more
                      gas evolution, suggesting that gas evolution and
                      decomposition layer formation are directly correlating.It is
                      assumed that the formation of this decomposition layer on
                      the LTO electrode surface during the formation procedure
                      essentially serves to reduce or (in case of applying
                      sufficiently high formation temperatures) even suppress
                      surface catalytic gassing reactions during subsequent cell
                      application.In this context, the impact of the electrode
                      surface area on the qualitative and quantitative gassing
                      behavior during cell aging is highlighted. In contrary to
                      the assumption that LTO is solely responsible for gas
                      evolution in LTO-based LIBs, it could be shown that gas
                      evolution is primarily determined by the specific electrode
                      surface area. Accordingly, when LTO is used as negative
                      active material, a protective layer for suppression of gas
                      evolution should be formed not only on the active material
                      particles but also on the inactive surface are, hence, the
                      entire electrode surface area.Therefore, the
                      high-temperature formation approach presented in this study
                      is ideally suited for formation of an effective
                      decomposition layer over the entire electrode. Since neither
                      particle pretreatment nor the addition of film-forming
                      electrolyte additives were necessary to suppress severe gas
                      evolution, the high temperature formation approach could be
                      the cornerstone for a cost-effective and easy
                      commercialization of Li4Ti5O12-based cells.[1] C. Han, Y.B.
                      He, M. Liu, B. Li, Q.H. Yang, C.P. Wong, F. Kang, J. Mater.
                      Chem. A, 2017, 5, 6368–6381[2] K. Wu, J. Yang, Y. Liu, Y.
                      Zhang, C. Wang, J.Xu, F. Ning, D. Wang, J. Power Sources,
                      2013, 237, 285.[3] S. Wang, J. Liu, K.Rafiz, Y. Jin, Y. Li,
                      Y. S. Lin, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2019, 166, A4150.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1221 - Fundamentals and Materials (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1221},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1149/MA2023-012627mtgabs},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1025079},
}